INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND CULTURE OF SPAIN:

Sixteenth Century:  Hapsburgs and the Spanish Imperium

Children of Catholic Monarchs
1.   Isabel
2.  Juan
3.  Juana
4.  María
5.  Catalina (Katherine of Aragon)
Prince Alfonso of Portugal
Manuel the Fortunate
Emperor Maximilian von Hapsburg
Maximilian’s children
1.  Margaret of Austria
2.  Philip “the Handsome” (d. 1506)
Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne (crowned emperor 800, by Leo III)
Louis the Pious
Otto the Great (crowned emperor 962)
Napoleon Bonaparte
Saxon Dynasty
Bohemia
Electors of the Empire (7 leading nobles and churchmen)
Diet
Rudolf I (first Hapsburg emperor elected 1273)
Austria (Hapsburg power base)
Mary of Burgundy
Aragon vrs. France in Italy
Hundred Years War
Louis XI (“the Spider King”)
Cerdagne and Roussillon
Charles VIII
Treaty of Barcelona (1493)
Prince Arthur of England
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
Pope Alexander VI
The Borgia Family
Juan (d. 1497)
Isabel (d. 1497)
Miguel
Juana “la Loca” (d. 1555)
Charles and Ferdinand (sons of Juana; future emperors)
Cortes of Toro (1505)
Philip I (d. 1506)
Germaine de Foix
Tordesillas
Charles I of Spain (1516-56)/Charles V of the HRE (1519-56)
Ferdinand I of the HRE
Rafael Altamira
Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
Gente de la Ordenanza
Philip II (1556-98)
Francis I of France (1515-1547)
Ottoman Turks
Suleiman the Magnificent (d. 1566)
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
Valois Dynasty of France
Great Struggle of 16th Century Europe:  Hapsburgs vrs. Valois (and later the Bourbons)
Leo X (1513-21)
Frederick the Wise (Elector of Saxony)
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
Martin Luther (1583-1546)
Diet of Worms (1521)
Growing power of Lutheranism; result in large part of the split in the Catholic World
Tercios
Charles V’s greatest battles:
1.  Pavia (Italy) (1525)
2.  Muhlberg (Germany) (1547)
Diets of Speyers (1526 and 1529)
Territorialism (territorial settlement)
”Cuius regio, eius religio”
Protestant
Diet of Augsburg of 1530
Philip Melancthon
Confession of Augsburg
Schmalkaldic League
Peace of Augsburg (1555):  territorialism rather than religious freedom
Jus emigrandi
Court of High Commission (English comparable to Spanish Inquisition)
Abdication of Charles V (1556)
Hapsburg properties divided
Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba
Philip II (1556-1598)
Burgundian Inheritance
Low Countries
Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs
Marino Cavalli
Territorialism vrs. Religions Freedom
Cuius regio, eius religio
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
Elizabeth of Valois
Henry II (d. 1559)
Catherine de Medici
Huguenot Wars (1562-1598)
Huguenots
Suleiman the Magnificent (d. 1566)
Battle of Lepanto (1572)
Galleys
Don Juan of Austria
Dutch War of Independence
Margaret of Parma
“Beggars”
Duke of Alba
Council of Blood
William of Nassau “the Silent”
“Sea Beggars”
Requesens
The Spanish Fury (Antwerp)
Pacification of Ghent (1576)
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
League of Arras (1579)
Union of Utrecht (1579)
The Apology (1581)
Act of Abjuration
Philip III
Thirty Years War (1618-48)
Spanish Armada
Henry VIII
Mary Tudor
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Mercantilism
Spanish Main
John Hawkins
Francis Drake
Fleet System (Flota)
Golden Hind
Mary Queen of Scots
Bernardino de Mendoza
“Invincible Armada”
Garrett Mattingly, The Armada
James I
Henry III (last Valois King)
Jacques Clement
Henry de Guise
Bourbon Dynasty
Henry IV (first Bourbon monarch)
“Paris is worth a mass!”
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Maurice of Nassau (son of William the Silent)
Treaty of Vervins (1598)
Henry Kamen, Philip II