Iria Flavia
St. James the Apostle
Santiago (Spanish for St. James) (patron saint of Spain)
Santiago de Campostela (St. James of the Field of the Star)
The Road to Santiago; Pilgrim Route; Via sanctorum
Rue St. Jacques (St. James Street in Paris; main beginning of the Road to Santiago)
St. Jean Pied-de-Port (Crossing point from France to Spain)
Pass at Roncevaux (Roncesvalles)
Main cities on Route:  Pamplona-Logrono or Vitoria-Burgos-Leon-Santiago
Meseta
Modern pilgrimage centers:  Lourdes and Fatima
Holy Year (every 10 years)
Feast of St. James (July 25)
“Tourist Mecca”
Amerigo Castro
St. James “the Greater”
Battle of Clavijo (822)
King Ramiro I (victor at Clavijo)
Santiago Matamoros (“Killer of Moors”)
Sitings in the Reconquista and in the conquest of the Americas
Warrior Saints
1.     St. Vladimir
2.     St. Dominic de Guzmán
3.     St. Louix IX
4.     St. Fernando III
Gospels and Book of Acts
Eusebius (major Christian historian of the 4^th century)
From ban on bloodletting to birth of the “Just War”
Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas
Ibn Hayyan (11^th century Islamic writer)
Ibn Idhari (13^th century Islamic writer)
Syncretism and St. James
Two figures in the New Testament named St. James: 
1.  St. James “the Greater”:  the man who became Spain's patron saint
2.  St. James “the Lesser”: referred to in the gospels as the brother of Jesus
Medieval Spanish church "conflated" them to magnify the connection of Spanish patron to the lord
Gospels of Matthew and Luke:  both refer to Jesus having siblings
Most logical explanation:  Mary had children by Joseph after the birth of Jesus; in no way ruled out by the Gospels
Eternal virginity of Mary:  a change in Christian doctrine dating to the central Middle Ages
Dioscuri (“twins”:  Castor and Pollux) (Roman worship which may have helped shape the later view of Santiago's relationship to Jesus
Codex Callixtinus
Callixtus II
Pontifex (papal title for a time claimed by the Archbishops of Santiago)
Monastery of Cluny
Cluniac Order
William the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine
Ingeborga
Scallop Shell (Venera):  Symbol of St. James; worn by pilgrims
Juan de Mariana:  Jesuit historian who raised doubts concerning the legend of Santiago
Spanish saints created in 1622:
1.  Ignatius Loyola (founder of Jesuit Order)
2.  Teresa of Avila (member of the Carmelite Order)
Philip III:  proclaimed Teresa co-patron of Spain
Quevedo, Su Espada por Santiago:  addressed to Philip IV; represented the majority of Spaniards in opposing this royal innovation