Rome:  most influencial foreign culture to occupy Spain
All major peninsular languages are Latin based:
1,  Castilian
2.  Portuguese
3.  Catalan
Only exception:  Basque
Difficult conquest for Rome
Conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the east proved much easier
Cynoscephalae (197 BCE)
Actium (30 BCE)
Mark Anthony and Cleopatra
Julius Caesar (d. 44 BCE)
Claudius (41-54)
Spanish born emperors:
1.  Trajan (98-117)
2.  Hadrian (117-137)
3.  Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
Augustus Caesar (Octavian) (27 BCE-14)
Marcus Agrippa
Guerrilla War
“The War of Fire”
Galba and the Lusitanians
Viriatus
Caepio
Numantia
Scipio Aemilianus
Roman Civil Wars (133-27 BCE)“Political Generals”
Sertorius
Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”) (27 BCE-180)
Roman religious policy of Toleration
Imperial Cult (Emperor Worship)
Julius Caesar and Pompey
Augustus Caesar
Isis and Osiris
Mithras
Colonial policy
Military colonies
Castra (castro)
Modern Names derived from Roman Names:
Leon (Legonis Septima)
Zaragosa (Caesar Augusta)
Mérida (Augusta Emérita)
Mare Nostrum
Han Dynasty of China
Appian Way
Via Augusta (major Spanish Road)
Augustan Compromise
Princeps
Emperor (from imperator; imperium)
Dominus
Roman Senate
Maior
Imperial provinces vrs. Senatorial provinces
Betica (senatorial)
Lusitania and Tarraconensis (imperial)
Municipia
Vespasian
Citizenship policy
Social War (90-88 BCE)
Italica (city founded by Italian rebels)
Claudian Census
Antoninian Constitution (212)
Roman cities
Civilization (from Latin “civitas” meaning “the city”)
Forum
Gymnasium
Ampitheatre
Aqueduct
Building projects of Augustus and Nero in Rome
Colosseum (Ampitheatre of Vespasian)
Circus Maximus
Pantheon (built by the Spanish emperor, Hadrian)
Difference between Roman influence in the East and the West
Hadrian’s City (suburb of Athens)
Caesarea (Palestine)
Constantinople (Byzantium; Nova Roma)
Stoas
Post and Lintel
Arch (Barrel or Tunnel Vault; Intersecting Vault)
Mediterranean Style (Spanish style)
Italica (Hispano-Roman city founded by Scipio in 206 BCE)
Baetica
Cordura (capital of Roman Spain)
Scipio Africanus
Battle of Ilipa (206 BCE)
Two sections of Italica:
Vetus urbs ("Old City")
Nova urbs ("New City"; built by Hadrian)
Santiponce
Trajan
Patria:  a person's homeland; Spain was the patria of both Trajan and Hadrian