Early Groups with Some Historical Record
1.  Iberians
2.  Celts
3.  Phoenicians
4.  Greeks
Alphabet
Carthage
Ebro River
Hamitic Language
Neolithic Revolution
Age of Metals
Copper
Bronze
Iron
Celtiberians
Egyptian Empire vrs. Hittites
Power Vacuum
Era of Small Nations
Hebrews
Phoenicians:  Literally “Purple People”; a product of the Hebrew-Philistine conflict over Canaan?
Phoenician cities:  Byblos, Tyre, Sidon
Murex
Galley
Bireme (“double-decker”)
Egyptians invent the alphabet (c. 3000 BCE); Phoenician develop and spread it (c. 1000 BCE)
Hieroglyphic script
Byblos:  Greek word for book, taken from a Phoenician city; derivation of the word Bible (meaning “the book”)
Carthage
Cadiz (Agadir; Gades)
Trading vrs. Settlement Colonies
Carthage replaces Phoenician home cities
Arrival of the Greeks
Reasons for Greek colonization
Ionia
Oecist
Proprietorial colonies (American analogy)
City state concept:  Independent colonies
Trireme
Mediterranean Triad (Grain, grapes, olives)
Pottery
Amphora
Minoans
Greek resources
Hoplites (heavy infantry)
Alexander the Great (d. 323 BCE)
Phocaeans
Massalia (Marseilles)
Emporion
Periplus ("sailing book")
Phoenician-Greek rivalry
Groups inhabiting Iberian Peninsula (c. 3rd Century BCE)
1.  Iberians
2.  Celts
3.  Phoenicians (Carthaginians)
4.  Greeks