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MEDIEVAL
WARFARE
The Crusades
Crusade
Crusader
“Crux”
“Taking the cross”
Surcoat
Crusades were fought against various opponents:
1. Moslems (Arabs and Turks)
2. Pagans in north central Europe
3. Christians
a. Fourth Crusade attacked Greek Orthodox Constantinople
b. Christian heretics in the west (Albigensians and Hussites)
Innocent III
(Lothair de Segni):
Iberian Peninsula
Reconquista
Crusading bull
Barbastro Crusade (Spain: 1063)
Conquest of Toledo (1085)
Alfonso VI
Almoravides
Italy
Genoa and Pisa
Sardinia
Sicily
First Crusade aimed at the Near East just one part of a broader movement
Period of the Near Eastern Crusades (1095-1291)
Seljuk Turks
Battle of Manzikert
Alp Arslan
Sultan
Alexius Comnenus
Roman Catholic Church (west) vrs. Greek Orthodox Church
(east)
Definitive split (1054)
Papal Reasons for sponsoring crusade:
Council of Clermont (1095)
Urban II
Deus vult
(God wills it)
Reasons for “taking the cross”:
Crusading bull
First Crusade (1095-1099)
Peasant's Crusade (1095):
Peter the Hermit
Walter the Penniless.
Eleventh Century Jewish Holocaust :
First Crusade (also known as the Baron’s Crusade)
Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
Siege and Battle of Antioch
(1098)
Bohemond
Edessa
Baldwin.
Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
Godfrey de Bouillon
Battle of Ascalon (1100)
Crusader Kingdoms:
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Principality of Antioch
County of Edessa
County of Tripoli
Year 1100:
Highwater mark of the entire crusading period.
Four Principal Moslem leaders:
1. Zangi
2. Nureddin
3. Salahadin (Saladin)
4. Baibars
Edessa
Second Crusade
(1147-1150)
Bernard of Clairvaux
Louis VII (France)
Conrad III (Germany)
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Salahadin
(westernized to Saladin)
Fatimate caliphs
Abbasid
caliphate at
Baghdad
Raynald
de Chatillon
Battle of the Horns of Hattim (1187)
Guy of Lusignan
Baldwin the Leper
Conquest of Jerusalem (1187)
Balian of
Ibelin
Dome of the Rock
Frangi
(Arabic for Franks)
Third Crusade
(1189-92) (Crusade of Kings)
King Richard the Lionheart (England)
King Philip Augustus (France)
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire)
Siege of Acre
Battles of Arsuf and
Jaffa
Leopold of
Austria
Fourth Crusade (1204)
Enrico Dandolo,
Zara
Innocent III:
1. Fourth Crusade (1204)
2. Albigensian Crusade (1208)
3. Children’s Crusade (1212)
4. Crusade in Spain leading up to the most significant battle of the
Reconquista, the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212)
Sixth Crusade (1225)
Frederick II (known to his contempories as stupor mundi)
Mongols
Ghengis Khan (Tamujin)
King Louis IX (France) (later Saint Louis)
Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)
Baibars (d. 1277)
Makelukes
Krak des Chevaliers.
Fall of Acre (1291)
Battle of Kossovo (1389)
Battle of Nicopolis (1396).
Reasons for Crusader survival for two centuries
Militant or Crusading Orders
Regulum
Regular clergy
Grandmaster
Knights.
Major orders (Near East):
1. Knights of the
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
(Hospitalers)
2. Poor Knights of Christ and the
Temple of Solomon
(Templars)
3. Teutonic Knights
Raymond of Provence
Turcopoles
Knights of
Malta
Maltese Cross
Knights Templar (founded 1119)
Hugh de Payens and
Godfrey de Saint-Omer
Baldwin II
Council of Troyes (1128)
Philip IV
Pope Clement V
Friday, the 13th of
October, 1307
Council of Vienne (1312)
Jacques de Molay
Teutonic Knights
Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald) (1410)
Iberian Orders:
Santiago, Calatrava, and Alcántara (Castile)
Montesa
(Aragon)
Orders of Christ
and of Avis (Portugal)
Influence of the Crusades on trade
Crusade preached against fellow Christians regarded as heretics:
1.
Albigensians and Waldensians (France, northern Italy)
2. Hussite (early 15th century) (Bohemia)
The Albigensian Crusade
Hussite Crusade
Peter
Waldo
Poor Men of Lyons (1173)
Pope Alexander III
Dualism
Zoroaster
Simon de
Montfort
Trebuchet
Reflections of the Crusades in Church Organization
1.
Creation of the two great mendicant (begging) orders to combat heresy
through preaching and education
a. Franciscans
b. Dominicans
2. Birth of the Papal Inquisition
Villalon's Alternative Rallying Cry for the Crusades: “Kill them all. God will know his own!”
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