MEDIEVAL WARFARE

The Darkness After Charlemagne and Viking Warfare

Clovis (481-511)
Charlemagne (768-814)
Pax Romana
Louis the Pious (814-840)
Three sons of Louis (Grandsons of Charlemagne)
1,  Lothair
2.  Louis the German
3.  Charles the Bald
Fontenay (841)
Knights
Feudalism
Strassbourg Oath (842)
Treaty of Verdun (843):  Genesis of Germany and France
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)
Lotharingia (Lorraine)
Treaty of Mersen (870)
Charles the Fat (887)
Second Set of Invasions:
1.  Moslems
2.  Hungarians (Magyars)
3.  Vikings (Norsemen, "Men of the North")
Battle of Tours (732/733)
Spanish March
Avars
Hungarian (related to Turkish)
Henry I "the Fowler"
Otto the Great
Battle of the River Lech (955)
Viking Age:  793 (Raid on Lindesfarne)-1066 (Death of Harold Hadrada)
Original Viking kingdoms:  Denmark, Norway, Sweden
Danegeld ("Danish Money":  Dane became a synonym for Viking)
Rurik
Russia (may come from Rus which is Slavic word for Swede)
Valhalla
Rollo
Eric the Red
Greenland
Varangian Guard:  elite Byzantine force composed of Norse
Three Routes:
Eastern Route (Swedes):  through Baltic, Russia, and on to Constantinople
Middle Route (Danes):  south along the coasts of the Europe and into the Mediterranean
Outer Route (Norwegians):  northern England, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and America
Iceland
Greenland
Lief Ericsson (Lief the Lucky):  son of Eric the Red; landed in North America c. 1000)
Vinland
Little Ice Age
Sagas (epics that contain much of our knowledge of the Vikings)
Anse aux Meadowes
Battle of the River Lech (955):  Defeat of Hungarians
Otto the Great (lst Holy Roman Emperor, 962)
Duchy of Normandy
William the Conqueror
Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066)
Harold Hardrada
Battle of Hastings (1066)
Anglo-Saxon vrs. Norman way of war
Harold Godwinson (English king killed and defeated at Hastings)
Huscarls (Housecarls): elite Anglo-Saxon, axe-wielding troops
Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)