MEDIEVAL WARFARE

Two Ancient Formations:  The Phalanx vrs. The Legion

Barbarians
Philip of Macedon
Alexander the Great
Aristotle
Heavy infantry
Hoplites
Minoans
Magna Graecia and Greek influence on the Romans
Graeco-Roman culture
Galley
Bireme ("double decker")
Trireme ("triple decker")
Phalanx
Persian Wars
Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea
Macedonia
Battle of Leuctra (371 BCE)
Normal phalanx tactics
Epaminondas
Battle of Mantinea (362 BCE)
“Political suicide of Greece.” 
Philip of Macedon's military reforms
Battle of Charonea (338 BCE): 
Pan-Hellenic (or "All Greek") League
Important Results of the Macedonian Conquests
Wars of the Diodichi
Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BCE)
Significance and Military achievement of Rome
Mare Nostrum 
Samnite Wars (340-290 BCE
Battle of Sentinum (295 BCE
Roman Legion
Legionary
Maniples
Centurions
Three lines in the legion:
1.  Hastati
2.  Principes
3.  Novissimum agmen (velites and triarii)
Weapons of a legionary:
(1)    Gladius: heavy short sword
(2)    Pilum (plural, pila):  javelin; each heavy infantryman carried two.
(3)    Shield:  rectangular-shaped gave maximum coverage for the weight
Gladiator ("sword fighter")
Artillery:  Catapults and ballistae
Four Great military disasters:
(1)  Cannae (216 BCE)
(2)  Carrhae (55 BCE)
(3)  Teutoberg Forest (9 CE)
(4)  Adrianople (378 CE)
Hannibal Barca
Crassus "the Rich"
Augustus Caesar
Varus
Arminius Hermann
Tarentius Varro
Emperor Valens