Reference Paper Stylesheet

Stylesheet Version 4.4; based on MLA Handbook, Fourth Edition, 1995
and MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources by USF's Janice R. Walker.
Print at 80% to fit 8 1/2 x 11 paper.


Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments.
     New York: Harper, 1975.
Scholes, Robert, and Eric Rabkin. Science 
     Fiction: History, Science, Vision. New York:
     Oxford UP, 1977.
L'Engle, Madeleine. A Wrinkle In Time.1962. New 
     York: Dell, 1973.
Boroff, Marie, ed. A Gawain Critical Anthology. 
     New York: Norton, 1967.
---. Wallace Stevens: A Man of Parts. Englewood 
     Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1970.
Commission on the Humanities. The Humanities 
     in American Life: Report of the Commission 
     on the Humanities. Berkeley: U of California 
     P, 1980.
Literary Market Place: The Directory of American 
     Book Publishing. 1984 ed. New York: Bowker, 
     1983.
Lloyd, Henry. "Free Enterprise Should Be 
     Regulated." Capitalism: Opposing Viewpoints. 
     Ed. Bruno Leone. St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven, 
     1986, 29-32.
United States. Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Statis-
     tics. Dictionary of Occupational Titles. 4th 
     ed. Washington: GPO, 1977.
Begley, Sharon. "A Healthy Dose of Laughter." 
     Newsweek 4 Oct. 1982: 74-78.
"An Uneasy Silence." Computerworld 28 Mar. 
     1983: 84.
Clark, Herbert H., and Thomas H. Carlson. 
     "Hearers and Speech Acts." Language 58 
     (1982): 332-73.
"Breathing on a Jet Plane -- How Fresh Is the 
     Air?" Consumer Reports Aug. 1994: 501-6.
Dexter, Tim. "Steve Reich, A Young Turk, 
     Approaches 50." New York Times 1 June 1986, 
     sec. H: 23-24.
"Rumford Quiet After Klan Visit." Portland Press 
     Herald 28 Sept. 1987, sec. 1: 1.
Caird, George B. "Paul, the Apostle." Encyclopedia 
     Britannica: Macropaedia. 1974 ed.
"Mandarin." Encyclopedia Americana. 1980 ed.
Sheraton, Mimi. "How America Eats: A Nutritional 
     Dilemma." New York Times 11 June 1980, C14. 
     Qtd. in Lewis Regenstein. America the  
     Poisoned. Washington: Acropolis, 1982, 267.
Murrow, Edward R. Year of Decision: 1943. 
     Columbia, CPS-3872, 1957.
Jurassic Park. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Writ. 
     Michael Crichton and David Koepp. 
     Universal, 1993. MCA/ Universal Home Video, 
     1994.
The First Americans. Narr. Hugh Downs. Writ. 
     and prod. Craig Fisher. NBC News Special. 
     WCSH, Portland, ME. 21 Mar. 1987.
Mitchell, George. Personal Interview. 27 July 
     1987.
Ellison, Ralph. Interview. "Indivisible Man." 
     Atlantic. With James Alan MacPherson. 
     Mar. 1970: 45-60.
Pendleton, Scott "Texas Parties Vie for 
     Family-Values Title." Christian Science 
     Monitor 15 June 1995: 3. NewsBank NewsFile
     Collection. Internet. NewsBank. Oct. 1996. 
     (12 May 1996).
Roehmer, Mike. "Training Improves Police
     Effectiveness in Child Abuse Cases." Lewis-
     ton Daily Sun 8 May 1986. NewsBank 
     Reference Service Plus, Welfare and Social 
     Problems, 1986, fiche 18, grid B11.
Lanken, Dane. "When the Earth Moves." Cana- 
     dian Geographic Mar-Apr 1996: 66-73. 
     SIRS Researcher on the Web. (15 June 1996).
Blair, James L. "Calling the Cops on a Pregnant
     Girlfriend." Time 9 Oct. 1995: 69(2). 
     SearchBank Online. (3 Oct 1997).
Adams, Charles J. "Islam." Encyclopedia 
     Americana on CD-ROM. 1995.
Alexander, Charles B. "A Parent's View of 
     Pop Sex and Violence." Time 7 May 1990:100.
     Time Magazine Multimedia Almanac. 1995.
Toufexis, Anastasia. "The Personality Pill." 
     Time 12 Oct. 1993: unpaginated. Available 
     from  Time Forum on America Online, on-line 
     database.
Cracknell, Colin (colin@cix.compulink.co.uk). 
     "Re: Manchester Travelbar Moth." In 
     USENET Newsgroup sci.bio.entomology.
     lepidoptera. Posted 25 Jan. 1995, 
     accessed 29 Jan. 1995.
Thomson, Barry. "Virtual Reality." Personal 
     e-mail (25 Jan. 1995).
 
Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-
     User Dimensions."  MUD History. http://
     www.ccs.neu.edu/home/lpb/mud-history.html 
     (5 Dec. 1994).  
Bruckman, Amy. "Approaches to Managing Deviant 
     Behavior in Virtual Communities." ftp://ftp.
     media.mit.edu/pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi94 
     (4 Dec. 1994). 


     Researchers even tried to establish the medical benefits of watching TV sitcoms (Begley 77).
     Ellison's well-known and strong views on race relations in America "have changed very little" (46).
     One writer declares that Stevens is "dominated by two powerful . . . strains" (Boroff, Wallace Stevens 34), and she offers strong support in detailed readings of many of Stevens' major poems.
     Government control of cryptography is one of many troubling issues surrounding government and technology ("Uneasy Silence").
     Literary Market Place reports that New York City is still "the literary center of the country" (ix).
     The United States Department of Labor had joined the movement against gender-biased language: the infamous "spokesperson" became legitimate (145).

Manuscript Style and Other Issues

Overall Issues

Academic writing has a traditional look. Pick one serif font (e.g., Bookman, Courier, Garamond, New Century, Palatino, any version of Times), not sanserif (e.g., Arial, Avant Garde, Futura, Helvetica), and use it throughout the paper. Avoid the use of styles other than Italic (when appropriate; see 6) -- no Shadow, Outline, etc.
Normal type size is 12 point.
The entire paper is doubled-spaced. This rule applies to everything -- title, text, quotations, Works Cited. If your word processor uses "leading" instead of line-spacing, use 32-point leading.
Margins of one inch appear on all pages.
Page numbers appear on all pages, including Works Cited, Works Consulted, and Appendices.
In publishing, underlining is the indication to a typesetter that the words are to appear italicized; e.g., New York Times underlined means New York Times. If your word-processor has the ability to use italics, do so; if not, underline all items that should be italicized. (This is true in source cards and note cards as well -- underline those items that later will be italicized.)
Headings, such as the title of the paper, "Works Cited," "Works Consulted," and "Appendix" are centered near the top of the page.

First Page / Title Page

Instructors vary in what they want, but the first page of the paper should include title, the student name, course name, instructor name and submission date. If the instructor prefers a title page, the same information should appear there, as well as on the first page of the paper itself.
The title is neither underlined, italicized, placed in "quotation marks," nor printed in ALL CAPS; only the First Letter of the Major Words Should Be Capitalized.

Works Cited

"Works Cited" is the list of all works explicitly referred to in the paper. "Works Consulted" is a list of all works used by the writer, even if not explicitly referred to. Be sure to find out which one the instructor wants.
Both "Works Cited" and "Works Consulted" are alphabetized, appear at the end of the paper, and include page numbers.

	Source	How It Looks in "Works Cited"	Issues and Explanations
1	BOOK	*Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments.* New York: Harper, 1975.**	Harper is the shortened publisher name. Book formats also apply to pamphlets.
2	BOOK more than one author	*Scholes, Robert, and Eric Rabkin. Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision.* New York: Oxford UP, 1977.**	Reverse first author's name only. If three authors or more, simply use first author, et al. (e.g., Scholes, Robert, et al.).
3	BOOK reprint (often a paperback)	*L'Engle, Madeleine. A Wrinkle In Time.1962. New York: Dell, 1973.*	Book came out in 1962, but the paperback version came out in 1973.
4	BOOK editor	*Boroff, Marie, ed. A Gawain Critical Anthology.* New York: Norton, 1967.**	If two editors, use eds. If more than two, use first author, et al., eds.
5	BOOK two or more by same author	*---. Wallace Stevens: A Man of Parts.* Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1970.**	This book, like the one above, is by Boroff. Instead of repeating Boroff, Marie, use "---." for each book after the first one listed. See Citation Sample 3
6	BOOK corporate author	Commission on the Humanities. The Humanities in American Life: Report of the Commission on the Humanities. Berkeley: U of California P, 1980.	Instead of making long parenthetical citation for works like this, build corporate author into your sentence. See Citation Sample 6.
7	BOOK no author's name given	Literary Market Place: The Directory of American Book Publishing. 1984 ed. New York: Bowker, 1983.	Instead of making long parenthetical citation for works like this, build title into your sentence. See Citation Sample 5.
8	ARTICLE, ESSAY, POEM anthology	*Lloyd, Henry. "Free Enterprise Should Be Regulated." Capitalism: Opposing Viewpoints.* Ed. Bruno Leone. St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven, 1986, 29-32.**	Lloyd wrote the article printed in the book edited by Leone. Opposing Viewpoints is the subtitle of the book. The article "Free Enterprise Should Be Regulated" is on pages 29-32.
9	GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION	*United States. Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Statis- tics. Dictionary of Occupational Titles.* 4th ed. Washington: GPO, 1977.**	Instead of making a long parenthetical citation for works like this, build "author" into your sentence. See Citation Sample 5.
10	PERIODICAL signed article	*Begley, Sharon. "A Healthy Dose of Laughter." Newsweek* 4 Oct. 1982: 74-78.**	Article was on pages 74 through 78. Customary to repeat the last two page digits (not "74-8").
11	PERIODICAL unsigned article	*"An Uneasy Silence." Computerworld* 28 Mar. 1983: 84.**	Article was on page 84. No period after periodical titles. Alphabetize under "U" -- initial "A," "An," and "The" are ignored.
12	PERIODICAL academic journal, continuous paging	*Clark, Herbert H., and Thomas H. Carlson. "Hearers and Speech Acts." Language* 58 (1982): 332-73.**	Article appeared in volume 58 of Language, on pages 332 through 373. No months used in academic continuously paged journals. Customary to repeat only last two page digits (not "332-373").
13	PERIODICAL popular magazine, continuous paging	*"Breathing on a Jet Plane -- How Fresh Is the Air?" Consumer Reports* Aug. 1994: 501-6.**	Some "popular" magazines use continuous paging. Use date, not volume number. No need to repeat second digit in page number when it is "0."
14	NEWSPAPER signed article	*Dexter, Tim. "Steve Reich, A Young Turk, Approaches 50." New York Times* 1 June 1986, sec. H: 23-24.**	Article appeared in section H of the paper, on pages 23-24. For all newspapers, if city is not in paper name, add city and state in brackets after name (e.g., Spokesman-Review [Spokane, WA]).
15	NEWSPAPER unsigned article	*"Rumford Quiet After Klan Visit." Portland Press Herald* 28 Sept. 1987, sec. 1: 1.**	Article appeared in section 1 of the paper, on page 1.
16	ENCYCLOPEDIA signed article	*Caird, George B. "Paul, the Apostle." Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia.* 1974 ed.**	No extra period needed after middle initial of author's name. No page number needed.
17	ENCYCLOPEDIA unsigned article	*"Mandarin." Encyclopedia Americana.* 1980 ed.**	No page number needed.
18	INDIRECT SOURCE	*Sheraton, Mimi. "How America Eats: A Nutritional Dilemma." New York Times* 11 June 1980, C14. Qtd. in Lewis Regenstein. America the Poisoned. Washington: Acropolis, 1982, 267.**	Article was found in Regenstein's book America The Poisoned on page 267; he quoted and cited Sheraton's article from section C page 14 of the *New York Times.* Because Sheraton is the authority for material, her name leads citation.
19	CD, RECORD, AUDIOTAPE	*Murrow, Edward R. Year of Decision: 1943.* Columbia, CPS-3872, 1957.**	Columbia is the record label, CPS-3872 is the serial number of the record.
20	FILM, VIDEOTAPE, FILMSTRIP	Jurassic Park. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Writ. Michael Crichton and David Koepp. Universal, 1993. MCA/ Universal Home Video, 1994.	Film was released in 1993 by Universal Studios and was re-released on videotape in 1994 by MCA/Universal Home Video.
21	TELEVISION SHOW	The First Americans. Narr. Hugh Downs. Writ. and prod. Craig Fisher. NBC News Special. WCSH, Portland, ME. 21 Mar. 1987.	Show was broadcast from WCSH in Portland, ME on 21 Mar. 1987.
22	INTERVIEW conducted by student	Mitchell, George. Personal Interview. 27 July 1987.	Researcher interviewed Mitchell on 27 July 1987. This format is also used for a letter written to the researcher; substitute "Letter to the author" for Personal Interview.
23	INTERVIEW in print	*Ellison, Ralph. Interview. "Indivisible Man." Atlantic.* With James Alan MacPherson. Mar. 1970: 45-60.**	James Alan MacPherson, the writer of the article, interviewed Ellison, the subject of the article. Use this form when entire article (except for an introduction) is a verbatim interview.
24	NEWSBANK NewsFile Online	Pendleton, Scott "Texas Parties Vie for Family-Values Title." Christian Science Monitor 15 June 1995: 3. NewsBank NewsFile Collection. Internet. NewsBank. Oct. 1996. (12 May 1996).	Originally published in *Christian Science Monitor,* and accessed on 12 May 1996.
25	NEWSBANK CD-ROM (when microfiche)	Roehmer, Mike. "Training Improves Police Effectiveness in Child Abuse Cases." Lewis- ton Daily Sun 8 May 1986. NewsBank Reference Service Plus, Welfare and Social Problems, 1986, fiche 18, grid B11.	Article found on fiche number 18 in grid B11 in the Newsbank volume from 1986 called Welfare and Social Problems.
26	SIRS Researcher Online	*Lanken, Dane. "When the Earth Moves." Cana- dian Geographic* Mar-Apr 1996: 66-73. SIRS Researcher on the Web. (15 June 1996).**	Article found online on 15 June 1996.
27	INFOTRAC SearchBank Online	*Blair, James L. "Calling the Cops on a Pregnant Girlfriend." Time* 9 Oct. 1995: 69(2). SearchBank Online. (3 Oct 1997).**	Article found online on 3 Oct. 1997.
28	CD-ROM original material	*Adams, Charles J. "Islam." Encyclopedia Americana on CD-ROM.* 1995.**	Format is similar to print counterpart, with the addition of CD-ROM as part of the title.
29	CD-ROM material originally printed	*Alexander, Charles B. "A Parent's View of Pop Sex and Violence." Time* 7 May 1990:100. Time Magazine Multimedia Almanac. 1995.**	Article found on CD-ROM. The goal of a mixed citation like this is to help a reader find the article either in print or on disk. Thus, the section and page number (100) are given even though the CD-ROM is unpaginated.
30	ON-LINE DATABASE material originally printed	*Toufexis, Anastasia. "The Personality Pill." Time* 12 Oct. 1993: unpaginated. Available from Time Forum on America Online, on-line database.**	Many online databases do not list page numbers of original print source; some do not even list dates of original, only volume and issue number. Whenever such information is lacking, acknowledge that the material is unpaginated or has "no date listed."
31	ONLINE DATABASE original material, such as LISTSERVS and NEWSGROUPS	*Cracknell, Colin (colin@cix.compulink.co.uk). "Re: Manchester Travelbar Moth." In USENET Newsgroup sci.bio.entomology. lepidoptera.* Posted 25 Jan. 1995, accessed 29 Jan. 1995.**	Article posted in a USENET Newsgroup on the Internet. Although article is signed "Colin Cracknell," aliases are common in Newsgroups, so email address ("colin@...") is listed as well. Posted date is day message was sent; accessed date is day message was downloaded.
32	E-MAIL	Thomson, Barry. "Virtual Reality." Personal e-mail (25 Jan. 1995).	Thomson sent mail to the researcher with Virtual Reality as a subject heading.
33	WORLD WIDE WEB	*Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi- User Dimensions." MUD History.* http:// www.ccs.neu.edu/home/lpb/mud-history.html (5 Dec. 1994).**	The title of the page as it appears in the browser's title bar is A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions; MUD History is the name of the site the page was part of; 5 Dec. 1994 is the date the page was accessed.
34	FTP (File Transfer Protocol)	Bruckman, Amy. "Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual Communities." ftp://ftp. media.mit.edu/pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi94 (4 Dec. 1994).	4 Dec. 1994 is the date of access; if the date of the document itself is available, add it between the title and the URL ("ftp....").

	Citation Samples	Explanations
1	Researchers even tried to establish the medical benefits of watching TV sitcoms (Begley 77).	Citation shows last name of author and page number.
2	Ellison's well-known and strong views on race relations in America "have changed very little" (46).	Citation shows only page number because name of author is in the sentence.
3	One writer declares that Stevens is "dominated by two powerful . . . strains" (Boroff, Wallace Stevens 34), and she offers strong support in detailed readings of many of Stevens' major poems.	Citation shows book title as well as last name of author and page number because there are two books by author in Works Cited.
4	Government control of cryptography is one of many troubling issues surrounding government and technology ("Uneasy Silence").	Citation shows only shortened version of title because no author or page is listed in Works Cited.
5	Literary Market Place reports that New York City is still "the literary center of the country" (ix).	Citation shows only page number because authorless book title appears in sentence.
6	The United States Department of Labor had joined the movement against gender-biased language: the infamous "spokesperson" became legitimate (145).	Citation shows only page number because government author appears in sentence.