Napoleon2

The Rise of Napoleon

Napoleon emerges as an officer in the French army and as Jacobin in 1793

rises to military power under the Directory (which replaced the Convention as govt.)

By 1797, he is a general and in command of French army & successful in France’s victories over central European enemies

1798: military efforts stalemated in battles with GB, Russia, Austria

1799: takes power in a coup d’etat - est. First Consul, w/weak republican bearings

Napoleon - civil policy

Ruthlessness at home and abroad characterizes his empire: control of France & provinces

1801 agreement with Vatican: "concordat" - France re-united w/Catholic church, though

state retained authority over the church

Civil Code, 1804 ("Napoleonic Code"):

est. meritocracy in bureaucracy

secures commercial rights gained during the revolution

code establishes more modern system, but withdraws civil rights of women

Napoleonic conquest

Napoleon: much military success in central Europe (GB remains opponent)

empires of Austria, Prussia, Spain are conquered: French puppets/rulers & Bonapartes are installed by Napoleon

"Continental system" & French dominance spurs nationalism throughout Europe

1812 Invasion of Russia: French are over-extended-leads to defeat at Leipzig, 1813

Congress of Vienna: Bourbon restoration, monarchical claims upheld, borders established, (see p.702)

Napoleonic Europe: aftermath

"100 days:" napoleon’s last-ditch efforts are unsuccessful

Quadruple Alliance: 4 major powers reflect a conservative agenda to keep monarchs in place

18th-century borders (pre 1792) are re-established

"balance of power" is established to maintain peace

Romanticism, late 18th & early 19th centuries

Imaginative expression in art, literature, music - the art of emotion

Religion: conveyed through inward focus, emotion: Methodism - reaction to scientific impulses of the 18th century

nationalism affects ideas & culture: German expressions: Herder (folk culture)

philosophy: Hegelian thought is significant: history as evolution, cyclical