gvbylB GKgvÎ cÖvYx, †h K_v e‡j g‡bvfve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li Lye Kv‡Qi cÖvYx wk¤žvÄx| †m K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡K †Póv Ki‡j ÔgvÕ Ges ÔevevÕ ej‡Z †kLvb hvq| wKš‘ gv I evev ej‡Z wK †evSvq, Zv Zv‡K †kLvb hvq bv, †hgb †kLvb hvq gvbe wkï‡K| gvwK©b hy³iv?óª wk¤žvÄxi †kLvi ¶gZv wb‡q A‡bK M‡elYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvwK©b hy³iv?óª BqvwK©m-Gi cÖvB‡g‡UvjwR j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z| GLv‡b wK_ †nBR I Zvi ¯�x wk¤žvÄxi evŽPv wb‡q A‡bK M‡elYv K‡ib| Zviv j¶¨ K‡ib, wk¤žvÄxi kveK cÖ_g ch©v‡q _v‡K gvbewkïi Zzjbvq AwaK eyw×gvb| wKš‘ gvbe wkï hLb fvlv †k‡L ZLb wk¤žvÄxi †P‡q me wKQyB fvlvi gva¨‡g ZvovZvwo wkL‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| wk¤žvÄx kveK KLbB fvlv wkL‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB †m n‡Z cv‡i bv gvbewkïi mgK¶| hw`I †m gvby‡li m?½ GK †Uwe‡j e‡m cwicvwUfv‡e wkL‡Z cv‡i Avnvi Kiv| wKš‘ Zvi †kLvi mxgvbv nj LyeB mxwgZ| gvbyl K_v ej‡Z cv‡i| GB K_v ejevi ¶gZv wbf©i K‡i Zvi gM‡Ri we‡kl As‡ki Dci| Zv hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y bó nq Z‡e gvbyl Avi K_v ej‡Z m¶g nq bv| 

heØx‡c (Java) cÖvPxb gvby‡li gv_vi Lywj Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| hv †`‡L g‡b nq wk¤žvÄx RvZxq †Kvb cÖvYxi e‡j| wKš‘ Gi gv_vi wfZi w`‡Ki Qvc Zz‡j †`Lv wM‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i gM‡Ri K_v ejevi Ask IB cÖvYxi gv_v‡ZI wQj| ZvB g‡b Kiv hvq †mI K_v ej‡Z cviZ| GB cÖvYxi GKUv De©w¯? (Temur) cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| hv †_‡K †evSv hvq cÖvYxwU †mvRvfv‡e nvU‡Z cviZ| †h cÖvYx †mvRvfv‡e `uvwo‡q nvU‡Z cv‡i Ges K_v ej‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K gvbyl e‡jB ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nq| bievbi (Ape) ejv P‡j bv| G iKg gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z evm KiZ cÖvq 10 jvL eQi Av‡M| A_©vr fvlvi Rb¥ eûw`b Av‡Mi e¨vcvi| †m Zzjbvq gvby‡li wjwci Rb¥ †mw`‡bi NUbv gvÎ| mvaviYZ wjwci Rb¥Kvj aiv nq L?óc�e© 2000-Gi KvQvKvwQ †_‡K| Gi Av‡Mi mgqUv‡K mvaviYZ D‡j­L Kiv nq cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hyM (Prehistory) wn‡m‡e| Z‡e evsjvi gZ AvaywbK fvlvi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q gvÎ nvRvi Lv‡bK eQi Av‡M| gvby‡li fvlvi eq‡mi Zzjbvq Zv wb‡gk gvÎ| c„w_ex‡Z KZ fvlv Av‡Q Zvi mwVK wnmve †bB| Z‡e GKUv mvaviY wnmve nj 3000-Gi KvQvKvwQ| `w¶Y Gwkqvi fvlv wb‡q we‡klfv‡e M‡elYv K‡i wb‡q‡Qb RR© wMÖqvm©b| Zvi weL¨vZ fvlv Rwic (Linguistic Survey of India, 1903-1928) †_‡K †`Lv hvq `w¶Y Gwkqv‡Z Zvi wnmve Abyhvqx fvlvi msL¨v 179 Ges Dcfvlvi msL¨v nj 544| G‡`i g‡a¨ 14wU fvlv nj cÖavb fvlv| Avgiv fvlv ej‡Z awi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kievi Rb¨ evK h‡š�i mvnv‡h¨ DŽPvwiZ A_©c�Y© AvIqvR‡K hv †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx eyS‡Z cv‡i, hvi mvnv‡h¨ Zviv fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i| hv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ wewfb? fvlvi KvVv‡gv (Structure) wePvi K‡i Zv‡`i †gvUvgywU PviwU eo wefv‡M (Group) ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j gvby‡li fvlv m¤^?Ü Ges Zv‡Z Avgiv †h fvlvq K_v ewj Zvi Ae¯’vb m¤^?Ü Avgv‡`i g‡b GKUv mnR mvaviY aviYv M‡o I‡V| fvlvi GB Pvi fvM nj : 1. ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ (Isolating), 2. †RvovjvMv (Agglutinative), 3. wefw³-m¤žb? (Flexional) Ges 4. eû ms‡k­lK (Polysynthetic)|

ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ fvlvq †KvbcÖKvi wefw³ †bB| †RvovjvMv fvlv‡ZI wefw³ nq bv| wKš‘ `yÕwU kã Zvi g�j iƒc bv e`‡j GKwÎZ n‡q Z…Zxq GKwU fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| wefw³-m¤žb? fvlvq †Kvb bv †Kvb cÖKvi wefw³i e¨envi _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| Avi eû ms‡k­lK fvlvi ?¶?Î A‡bK¸‡jv kã †RvU †eu‡a GKwU fve cÖKvk K‡i| †hme RvwZ Avw`g (Primitive) Rxeb ixwZ AbymiY K‡i P‡j‡Q, A_ev wKQyw`b Av‡MI KiZ, Zv‡`i fvlv mvaviYZ G iKg ˆewkó¨ m¤žb? n‡Z †`Lv hvq| fvlvi weeZ©b NU‡Q RwUj †_‡K mn‡Ri w`‡K| mnR †_‡K RwU‡ji w`‡K bq| Kg‡Q Zv‡Z e¨vKiYMZ RwUjZv| KviY gvbyl µgk fve cÖKv‡k mnR †_‡K mnRZi n‡ZB Pv‡ŽQ| cÖ_g wefvM, A_©vr ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ fvlvi wb`k©b nj Pxbv, egx©, _vB, wZeŸZx fvlv| eg©v ev wgqvbgvi Avgv‡`i G‡Kev‡iB jv‡Mvqv †`k| wZeŸZI Lye `�‡ii †`k bq| AZx‡Z DËi Avi c�e© †_‡K gvbyl Avgv‡`i †`‡k G‡m‡Q| hviv K_v e‡j‡Q ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ †Kvb bv †Kvb fvlvq! ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ fvlvq †h †Kej wefw³ _v‡K bv ZvB bq, GB me fvlvq ePb I wj½ e‡jI wKQy †bB| ZvQvov GKB k?ãi A‡bK iKg A_© nv‡Z cv‡i K_v ejevi mgq| GKB kã‡K bvbv ¯^‡i (Pitch), A_©vr wgwn †gvUv K‡i e‡j wewfb? A_© cÖKvk Kiv nq| †jLvi ?¶?Î †Kvb k?ãi A_© †evSv‡Z nq, kãwU †Kvb cÖm?½ Avm‡Q Zvi m?Î a‡i| GKwU Mí Av‡Q, wØZxq wek¦hy?×i mgq GKRb gvwK©b ˆmwbK wKQy egx© fvlv †k‡Lb| wZwb GK egx© †`vKv‡b wM‡q GKUv we‡kl ai‡bi Rvgv wKb‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ wZwb IB Rvgvi bvgwU K‡i †d‡jb fzj my‡i DŽPviY| †`vKvbx Zv‡K wKQy¶Y A‡c¶v Ki‡Z e‡j †`vKvb †Q‡o P‡j hvq| c‡i †m Lyu‡R †c‡Z IB ˆmwbKwU‡K G‡b †`q LuvPvq †cviv GKUv ev‡Ni evŽPv! evwoi cv‡kB wgqvbgvi| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i fvlv Avi Zv‡`i fvlv m¤ž�Y© wfb? wefvMfz³| Avgiv Zv‡`i gZ GKB kã bvbvfv‡e myi K‡i e‡j g‡bvfve e¨³ Kwi bv| Kwi c„_K c„_K k?ãi Øviv| Avgv‡`i fvlvi kã ej‡Z †evSvq wbw`©ó A_©en kã| 

ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ fvlvq hviv K_v e‡j b„RvwZK (Ethnic) w`K †_‡K Zviv mevB nj †gv½jxq gvbeavivfz³| G‡`i gv_v †Mvj †_‡K ga¨gvK…wZi| G‡`i bvK †PÞv| Mv‡ji nvo DuPz| †Pv‡Li Dci cvZvq we‡kl ai‡bi fuvR _v‡K, hv‡K e‡j GwcK¨vbw_K †dvì| G‡`i gy‡L †Muvd-`vwo nq Kg| evsjv‡`‡k G iKg gvbyl c�e© Avi DËiv‡j A‡bK †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| gynv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwR hLb evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂj `Lj K‡ib, ZLb jL‡bŠwZ I wngvj‡qi ga¨eZx© A‡j †KvP, †gP I _vi€ bv‡g wZb RvZxq †jvK evm KiZ| hviv wQj †gv½jxq wefvMfz³ gvbyl| †gP‡`i GKRb m`©vi Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zvi bvg nq Avjx †gP| Avjx †gP c‡i jL‡bŠwZ ev †MŠ‡oi AwacwZ nb| Gme Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi wgbnvR-B-wmivR wjwLZ (1260 L„t) ZeŸvKr-B-bv‡mix bvgK dviwm MÖš’ †_‡K| Abygvb Kiv hvq GB wZb RvwZi mevB †Kvb bv †Kvb Pxbv wefvMfz³ fvlvq K_v ejZ| iscyi A‡ji ivReskx‡`i g‡a¨ †gv½jxq ˆewkó¨ h‡_ó we`¨gvb| Giv GK ai‡bi weK…Z evsjvq K_v e‡j| G‡`i fvlvi Dci Mv‡iv fvlvi cÖfve _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| Mv‡iv fvlv Pxbv wefvMfz³| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k evsjvB GLb mevi mvaviY fvlv| Avi Zv †gv‡UI Pxbv wefvM A_©vr ms‡hvM-Amv‡c¶ wefvMfz³ fvlv bq| Pxbv wefvMfz³ fvlvq ÔqsÕ aŸwb mvaviYZ b`xi bv‡gi m?½ hy³ _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgb, Ô†nvqvs †nvÕ, ÔBqs wmwKqsÕ| eªþcyÎ b‡`i wZeŸZx bvg nj Ômvs‡MvÕ| ÔMsMvÕ bvgUv A‡b‡Ki g‡Z †Kvb Pxbv wefvMfz³ fvlv †_‡K Avmv| Avgiv GLbI mvaviY evsjvq b`x‡K ewj ÔMvsÕ| KviI KviI g‡Z ÔesMÕ bvgUvI Pxbv wefvMfz³ fvlv †_‡KB Avmv| ÔAsMÕ Avi Ô†KvwjsMÕ bvgI bvwK Pxbv wefv‡Mi fvlvi K_vB g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| A‡bK Av‡M GB mywe¯�xY© AÂj Ry‡o evm KiZ †gv½jxq wefvMfz³ gvbyl| hviv nvwi‡q wM‡q‡Q Kv‡ji M‡f©| GLb Avi †bB| 

hv‡`i e‡j †RvovjvMv (Agglutinative) fvlv, Zv‡`i ?¶?ÎI wefw³ e‡j wKQy †bB| wKš‘ Gme fvlvi ?¶?Î `ywU kã †Rvov †eu‡a GKwU Z…Zxq A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb nv?½ixq fvlvq 'Haz' gv‡b evwo| Avi 'Unk' gv‡b Avgiv| wKš‘ 'Haz Unk' gv‡b ÔAvgv‡`i evwoÕ| nv?½ixq fvlvq 'Var' gv‡b A‡c¶v Kiv| wKš‘ 'Var Unk' gv‡b ÔAvgiv A‡c¶v KiwQÕ| G ?¶?Î k㸇jv †Rvov euva‡Q, A_P Zv‡`i iƒc e`jv‡ŽQ bv| †hgb e`jvq wefw³ m¤žb? fvlvq| hv‡`i Avgiv ewj `ªvweo fvlv, †hgb `w¶Y fvi‡Zi Zvwgj I †Z‡j¸, Zv‡`iI iƒc nj †RvovjvMv| ZvB G‡`iI ¯’vcb Kiv P‡j †RvovjvMv fvlv‡`iB `‡j| fvlvwe` B.B. Hulbert Zvi Zzjbvg�jK e¨vKi‡Y `ªvweo fvlvmg�n‡K nv?½wiqvb, ZzKx© Ges ZvZvi fvlvi m?½ GKB wefv‡M ¯’vcb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Gme fvlv‡K mvaviYfv‡e GK mgq D‡j­L Kiv nZ Divj-AvjZvBK wn‡m‡e| Avgiv evsjv fvlv‡ZI KLbI KLbI `ywU kã‡K GKÎ K‡i GKwU Z…Zxq fve cÖKvk Kwi| †hgb ÔemvÕ Avi ÔcovÕ `ywU c„_K fve ÁvcK kã| wKš‘ hLb ewj Ôe‡m covÕ ZLb Avgiv GKUv c„_K fve‡K cÖKvk K‡i _vwK| †Zgwb ÔLvIqvÕ GKwU kã| Ô†djvÕ Avi GKwU kã| wKš‘ Ô†L‡q †djvÕ GK?Î e‡j Avgiv †evSv‡Z PvB Z…Zxq GKwU fve| hv KZKUv `ªvweo fvlviB gZ| evsjv fvlvq wµqvc` QvovI evK¨ nq| Zvwgj fvlv‡ZI nq| `ªvweo fvlvi wKQy cÖfve GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki eû fvlvi DciB c‡o‡Q| †Kej evsjv fvlvi Dci bq| `ªvweo fvlvq aŸbvÍK (Onomatopoetic) kã MVb Kiv P‡j| evsjvq Avgiv LU LU, KzU KzU, Lv-Lv e‡j fve e¨³ Kwi| Gfv‡e k?ãi gva¨‡g fve cÖKvk Kiv `ªvweo fvlvi we‡klZ¡| `ªvweo fvlvq cÖwZaŸwbg�jK (Echo-Word) kã MVb Kiv nq| G iKg ixwZ evsjv I GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki AviI A‡bK fvlv‡ZB Av‡Q| Avgiv evsjvq ewj Ô`uvZ-UvZÕ Ôevwo-UvwoÕ| GB ai‡bi cÖwZaŸwbg�jK kã MVb `ªvweo cÖfv‡ei dj e‡jB g‡b Kiv nq| Avh© fvlvi bq| `w¶Y Gwkqvi evB‡ii †Kvb Avh© fvlvq G iKg †`Lv hvq bv| 

†hme fvlvq wefw³ Av‡Q, Zv‡`i e‡j wefw³ m¤žb? (Flexional) fvlv| c„w_exi AwaK mg?× fvlvB GB wefvMfz³| BD‡iv‡ci wewfb? fvlv, †hgb Bs‡iwR, divwm, Rvg©vb, ¯?¨vwbm, BUvwjqvb wefw³ m¤žb? fvlv| †Zgwb Avevi Gwkqvi dviwm, wnw›` I evsjvI nj wefw³ m¤žb? fvlviB `?óvš�| wefw³ m¤žb? fvlv‡`i `ywU Lye eo cwiev‡i fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i GKwU‡K e‡j B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq Avi AciwU‡K e‡j †m‡gwUK fvlv cwievi| †m‡gwUK cwiev‡ii fvlvi we‡kl `?óvš� nj Aviex| †m‡gwUK fvlvmg�‡nI wefw³ nq| wKš‘ GB wefw³ MV‡bi iƒc B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv cwievi †_‡K h‡_ó ¯^Zš�| B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv cwievi‡K mvaviYfv‡e Avh© fvlv cwieviI ejv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ ÔAvh©Õ bvgUv LyeB weåvwš�Ki| hw`I GLbI h‡_ó cÖPwjZ| GK mgq g‡b Kiv nZ Avw` Avh© fvlvi D?¢e N‡UwQj GKwU we‡kl gvbeavivi g‡a¨| c‡i Zv wk‡L‡Q Ab¨ gvbeavivi gvbyl| Avh© ej‡Z †hgb †evSvq GKUv eo fvlv cwievi‡K, †Zgwb Avevi †evSvevi †Póv Kiv nq GKwU we‡kl gvbeaviv‡KI| Avi Gi d‡j N‡U weåvwš�| GLb mvaviYZ g‡b Kiv nq †Kvb GKUv we‡kl gvbeavivi g‡a¨ Avh© fvlvi D?¢e N‡Uwb, Gi g�‡j Av‡Q GKvwaK gvbeavivi Ae`vb| Avh© cwievifz³ fvlvq hviv K_v e‡j BD‡iv‡c Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Kgc?¶ `yB iKg ˆ`wnK ˆewkó¨ m¤žb? gvbyl †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| G‡`i GK`‡ji gv_vi AvK…wZ j¤^v| G‡`i e‡j bwW©K| Avi GK `‡ji gv_vi AvK…wZ nj †Mvj| G‡`i e‡j AvjcvBb| fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡k j¤^v-gv_v gvby‡li cÖvavb¨| fviZ I cvwK¯�v‡bi cvÄv‡eI ZvB| cvwK¯�v‡bi DËi-cwðg mxgvš� cÖ‡`‡ki gvby‡li gv_vI j¤^v| †Mvj gv_v gvbyl †ewk †`Lv hvq wmÜz cÖ‡`‡k Ges fvi‡Zi ¸RivU cÖ‡`‡k| evsjv‡`‡kI †Mvj gv_v gvby‡li cÖvavb¨| †gv½jxq wefvMfz³ gvby‡li gv_vI †ewki fvM ?¶?Î †Mvj n‡Z †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki †Mvj gv_v gvbyl nj AvjcvBb ˆewkó¨m¤žbœ| †gv½jxq‡`i gZ G‡`i bvK †PÞv bq| Mv‡ji nvo DuPz bq| †Pv‡Li Dci cvZv we‡klfv‡e Suz‡K _v‡K bv| G‡`i bvK mij| gy‡L _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq `vwo †Muv‡di cÖvPzh©| mvaviYfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq Avh© fvlv GB Dcgnv‡`‡k evB‡i †_‡K Avmv| Avi GB fvlv cwievifz³ fvlv hviv enb K‡i G‡bwQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wQj †Mvj I j¤^v gv_v gvbyl| Zviv mK‡j †`L‡Z wVK GK iKg wQj bv| 

fvlv ZvwË¡K nb©‡j I wMÖqvm©‡bi g‡Z cvÄve (fviZ I cvwK¯�v‡bi) I DËi cÖ‡`‡ki fvlvi m?½ wmÜz I ¸Riv‡Ui fvlvi cv_©K¨ Lye †ewk| GKBfv‡e cvÄv‡ei DËi cÖ‡`‡ki fvlvi m?½ evsjv Angxqv Ges Dwoqv fvlvi wgj _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq A‡bK †ewk| †Mvj gv_v gvby‡li g‡a¨ fvlvi GB mv`„‡k¨i K_v we‡kl we‡eP¨| 

fvlv ZvwË¡K wMÖqvm©b GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki Avh© fvlvfvlx‡`i `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| GK fvM‡K e‡j‡Qb, cÖvwš�K Avh© (Outer Aryan)| Avi GK fvM‡K e‡j‡Qb ga¨‡`wkK Avh© (Inner Aryan)| hviv ga¨‡`wkK Avh© fvlvq K_v e‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq j¤^v gv_v gvby‡li cÖvavb¨| Avi hviv cÖvwš�K Avh© fvlvq K_v e‡j, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq †Mvj gv_v gvby‡li cªvavb¨| evsjvq I ¸Riv‡U †Mvj gv_v gvby‡li msL¨v Lye †ewk| ¸RivUx Avi evsjv fvlv‡ZI Av‡Q we‡kl wgj| g‡b Kiv nq cÖ_‡g †Mvj gv_v Avh© fvlvfvlxiv GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki DËi fv‡M G‡m emwZ K‡iwQj| c‡i G‡mwQj j¤^v gv_v Avh© fvlvfvlxiv| Zviv hy× K‡i DËi fvi‡Zi ga¨fvM `Lj K‡i emwZ K‡i| Avi †Mvj gv_v‡`i mwi‡q †`q ¸RivU I evsjvi gZ cÖvwš�K A‡j| j¤^v gv_v Avh©iv †h fvlvq K_v ejZ ZvB nj †e`-Gi fvlv| GB fvlv‡K e‡j ˆew`K fvlv| c¶vš�‡i †Mvj gv_v Avh©‡`i fvlv wQj wfbœ| GB fvlv †Kgb wQj, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi bv| Z‡e ˆew`K Avh© fvlvq †hLv‡b DŽPviY Kiv nq ÔmÕ †mLv‡b A‰ew`K Avh© fvlvq †hgb cÖvPxb dviwm fvlvq DŽPviY Kiv nq ÔnÕ| Avgiv mvaviY evsjv fvlvq GLb †hLv‡b DŽPviY Kwi ÔmÕ, XvKvi AvÂwjK evsjvq (dialect) †mLv‡b DŽPviY Kiv nq ÔnÕ| ÔmKjÕ bv e‡j ejv nq ÔnKjÕ| n‡Z cv‡i GUv †mB A‰ew`K Avh© fvlviB cÖfve| mybxwZKzgvi P?Ævcva¨vq Aek¨ GB ga¨‡`wkK I cÖvwš�K Avh© fvlvi aviYv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| wKš‘ b„ZvwË¡K igvcÖmv` P›` GB gZ‡K mg_©b w`‡q‡Qb Zvi weL¨vZ Indo Aryan Races bvgK eB‡Z| eBwU ivRkvnx e‡i›`ª Rv`yN‡ii c¶ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq 1916 mv‡j| igvcÖmv` P›` †hLv‡b evsjvi †Mvj gv_v gvby‡li fvlv Avh© wQj e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb †mLv‡b mybxwZKzgvi e‡j‡Qb, IBme gvbyl Avh© A_ev †gv½j fvlv ejZ bv ? m¤¢eZ Zviv `ªvweo A_ev †Kvb †Kvj (A_©vr muvIZvj‡`i Abyiƒc) fvlvq K_v ejZ| A_©vr mybxwZKzgvi Kvh©Z GB †Mvj gv_v gvbyl‡K Avh© e‡j gvb‡ZB Pvbwb| Zvi g‡Z †Mvov‡Z evsjvi gvbyl Avh© fvlvfvlx wQj bv| c‡i DËi fviZ †_‡K GLv‡b Avh© fvlvi AvMgb N‡U| wKš‘ igvcÖmv` P‡›`i g‡Z †Mvj gv_v gvbyl GK cÖKvi Avh© fvlv‡ZB K_v ejZ| hv wQj ˆew`K Avh© fvlv †_‡K c„_K| c‡i DËi fviZ †_‡K ˆew`K Avh© fvlvi cÖfve evsjv‡Z Av‡m Ges Zv †Mvj gv_v Avh©‡`i fvlvi ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq| weªwUk b„ZvwË¡K J. H. Hutton-Gi g‡Z †Mvj gv_v Avh©iv GKUv Avh© Dcfvlvq (dialect) K_v ejZ| GUv cyivcywi GKUv c„_K fvlv †h wQj Zv bq|

evsjv fvlv‡K KvVv‡gvMZ w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Zv‡K wefw³ m¤žb? fvlv wefv‡MB ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ GB fvlvq wefw³i e¨envi Lye †ewk bq| Avgiv GLb mvaviYZ ewj, evN gvbyl Lvq| ewj bv, evN gvbyl‡K Lvq| hLb ewj evN gvbyl Lvq, ZLb GB ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKvk cvq †Kej k㸇jvi Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y| evN gvbyl Lvq Gi RvqMvq hw` †KD e‡j †d‡j, gvbyl evN Lvq, Z‡e ev‡K¨i A_© wfb? n‡qB c‡o| wKš‘ hLb ewj evN gvbyl‡K Lvq ZLb GLv‡b ev‡K¨i A_© †KejgvÎ g�j kãmg�‡ni Ae¯’v‡bi Dci †h wbf©i K‡i Zv bq| wefw³ G ?¶?Î wb‡`©k K‡i †`q ev‡Ni m?½ gvby‡li m¤ž‡K©i| evN gvbyl‡K Lvq Gi ¯’‡j hw` ewj gvbyl‡K evN Lvq Z‡e A‡_©i †Kvb †Mvj‡hvM NU‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjv fvlv g‡b nq µgk wefw³ eR©‡bi w`‡KB P‡j‡Q| ms¯‹…Z fvlv we‡klfv‡eB wefw³g�jK| GKgvÎ Ae¨q Qvov Aci mKj k?ãi m?½B †Kvb bv †Kvb cÖKvi wefw³hy³ nq| bZzev IB fvlvq k?ãi ev‡K¨ e¨envi m¤¢e nq bv| ms¯‹…‡Zi (ms¯‹…Z GKUv c„_K fvlv| ms¯‹…Z Avi ˆew`K fvlv GK bq) m?½ Zzjbv Ki‡j evsjv fvlv‡K ej‡Z nq ÔAve¯’vwbKÕ fvlv| GLv‡b ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKvk cvq cÖavbZ ev‡K¨ k?ãi Ae¯’v‡bi Øviv| AwaKvsk fviZxq Avh© fvlv evsjv fvlvi gZ GL‡bv GZUv Ave¯’vwbK n‡q I‡Vwb e‡j fvlv ZvwË¡Kiv AwfgZ †`b| evsjv GKUv wfb? c‡_ P‡j‡Q| 

Ôms¯‹…ZÕ wQj GKUv cwikxwjZ fvlv| G fvlvq †Kvb we‡kl A‡ji gvbyl †h K_v ejZ, Zv g‡b nq bv| gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv‡K ejv nZ ÔcÖvK…ZÕ ev ¯^vfvweK| †Kvb GKUv we‡kl cÖvK…Z fvlvi weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB evsjv fvlvi D?¢e n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †mUv wVK †Kvb cÖvK…Z, †m m¤ž‡K© fvlvZvwË¡Kiv GLbI GKgZ bb| wMÖqvm©b I mybxwZKzgvi e‡j‡Qb gvMax cÖvK…Z fvlv †_‡K| wKš‘ W. gyn¤§` knx`yj­vn GB g‡Zi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avi GLb A‡b‡K Zvi c?¶| GK mgq A‡bK cÖvK…Z fvlv‡ZI h‡_ó mvwnZ¨ PP©v n‡q‡Q| †MŠZg ey× cvwj fvlvq (500 L„t c�t) Zvi gZ cÖPvi K‡ib| A‡bK †e?× ag©MÖš’, we‡kl K‡i nxbhvb †e?× ag©MÖš’ cvwj fvlvq iwPZ| cvwj‡K GK iKg cÖvK…Z fvlvi wb`k©b wn‡m‡eB MY¨ Kiv nq| gnvhvb †e?ׇ`i ag©MÖš’ wgkª fvlvq iwPZ| †e?× Ges wn›`y ag© †Kej fveMZ w`K †_‡KB bq, fvlvMZ w`K †_‡KI wfbœ| nxbhvb †e?ׇ`i Kv‡Q ms¯‹…Z cweÎ fvlv bq| cvwj cweÎ fvlv| Avgv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx wgqvbgv‡i (eg©v) eg©xiv nxbhvb †e?×| Zviv cvwj‡K Lye cweÎ fvlv e‡jB g‡b K‡i| IB fvlv †_‡K A‡bK kã egx© fvlvq GLb AbycÖweó n‡q‡Q|

hv‡`i e‡j eû ms‡k­lK fvlv (polysynthetic) Zv‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv kã †Rvov †j‡M GKwU fve cÖKvk K‡i| ej‡Z †M‡j GKwU cy‡iv evK¨ MVb K‡i| Av‡gwiKvi †Kvb †Kvb †iW BwÛqvb DcRvwZi fvlv nj GB iKg| muvIZvj‡`i fvlvI KZKUv GB iKg| †hgb- muvIZvj‡`i fvlvq Ô`vK-G-ZvÕ gv‡b e„wó n‡ŽQ| A‡b‡K evsjv fvlvi g‡a¨ wKQy wKQy muvIZvj ev Abyiƒc fvlvi cÖfve Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib| K‡qKUv kã muvIZvj fvlv †_‡K G‡m _vK‡ZI cv‡i| Z‡e MVbMZ w`K †_‡K Gme fvlv Avgv‡`i †_‡K m¤ž�Y©fv‡eB wfbœ| fvlvZvwË¡K wMªqvm©b muvIZvj, †Kvj, gy¯�v, Lvwmqv cÖf„wZ fvlv‡K GKwU eo fvlv cwiev‡i ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb hvi bvg ÔAw÷ªKÕ| wKš‘ GLb fvlv ZvwË¡Kiv Avi G iKg †Kvb fvlv cwiev‡ii K_v ¯^xKvi Ki‡Qb bv| Aw÷ªK fvlv cwiev‡ii aviYv eZ©gv‡b evwZj n‡q wM‡q‡Q| 

GB Dcgnv‡`‡k ˆ`wnK b„Z?Ë¡i (Physical Anthropology) M‡elYvi m?ÎcvZ K‡ib m¨vi nvev©U© wiR‡j, 1985 wLª÷v?ã| wZwb evsjvi gvbyl‡K e‡jb Ô†gv½-`ªvweoÕ| evsjvi AwaKvsk gvby‡li gv_v †gv½j‡`i gZ| wKš‘ bvK, †PvL, `uvwo, †Muvd `ªvweo‡`i gZ| wZwb muvIZvj‡`i we‡ePbv K‡ib weï× `ªvweo wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ muvIZvjiv †Kvb `ªvweo fvlvq K_v e‡j bv| Zv‡`i fvlv m¤ž�Y© c„_K wefvMfz³| G Qvov evsjv‡`‡k †hiKg †Mvj gv_v gvby‡li cÖvavb¨ †`Lv hvq, †m iKg gvbyl †`Lv hvq ga¨ Gwkqvi cvwgi A‡j| ga¨ Gwkqvi ZvwRK, MvjvP cÖf…wZiv †Mvj gv_v-†mvRv bvK gvbyl| GK mgq G‡`i g‡b Kiv nZ AvjcvBb gvby‡li GKUv aviv| wKš‘ GLb G‡`i A‡b‡K e‡jb ÔZzivbxÕ gvbeaviv| m¤¢eZ BD‡iv‡ci AvjcvBbiv G iKg gvbeaviv †_‡KB Drcbœ| igvcÖmv` P‡›`i g‡Z, evsjvi †Mvj gv_v gvbylI Drcb? n‡q‡Q cvwgi A‡ji †Mvj gv_v gvbyl †_‡K| IB AÂj †_‡K GK mgq gvbyl G‡mwQj GB Dcgnv‡`‡k| GLv‡b D‡j­L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, gynv¤§` web eLwZqviI G‡mwQ‡jb ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡KB| Aek¨B A‡bK Kvj c‡i| evsjv fvlx gymjgvb‡`i gv_vI †Mvj| Avi mvaviYZ Zv‡`i bvK †PÞv bq| Zv‡`i †PvLI †gv½jxq‡`i gZ bq| Zv‡`i gy‡L h‡_ó †Muvd-`vwo nq| wiR‡j cÖgvY Kievi †Póv K‡ib evsjvi gymjgvb AwaKvskB enb Ki‡Q †gv½jxq cÖfve| wKš‘ Zvi G aviYvI wVK bq| Aek¨ evsjv‡`‡ki DËi I c�e©v‡ji gymjgvb‡`i A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ †h †gv½jxq gvbeavivi cÖfve Av‡Q †mUv wVK| wKš‘ ZvivB me bq|

Gevi Avmv hvK wjwc cÖm?½| e¸ovi gnv¯’vbMo bvgK ¯’v‡b mgªvU Av‡kv‡Ki mgqKvi GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, hvi fvlv we‡kl ai‡bi cÖvK…Z Ges eY©gvjv eªvþx| Avgiv e‡jwQ, cÖvK…Z ej‡Z †evSvq AZx‡Z DËi fvi‡Zi wewfb? ¯’v‡b cÖPwjZ fvlv‡K| kãUv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq ms¯‹…Z fvlvi m?½ Zzjbv K‡i| ms¯‹…Z wQj GKUv cwikxwjZ fvlv, hv †Kvb A‡ji gvby‡liB gy‡Li fvlv wQj bv| mgªvU A‡kvK (300 L„t c�t) Zvi Abykvmb (Av‡`k, weavb, Dc‡`k)mg�n cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb wewfb? A‡ji cÖvK…Z fvlvq| ms¯‹…Z fvlvq A‡kv‡Ki †Kvb Abykvmb G ch©š� Avwe®‹…Z nqwb| A‡kv‡Ki Abykvmb ga¨ Gwkqv‡Z MÖxK fvlvq MÖxK A¶‡i cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| GQvov cvIqv wM‡q‡Q AvivgvBK fvlvq AvivgvBK A¶‡i (Aramaic script)|

`w¶Y Gwkqv‡Z A‡kv‡Ki AwaKvsk Abykvmb cvIqv wM‡q‡Q eªvþx eY©gvjvq| wKš‘ cvwK¯�v‡bi DËi-cwðg mxgvš� cÖ‡`‡k cvIqv wM‡q‡Q L‡ivôx A¶‡i| L‡ivôx wjwc AvivgvB‡Ki gZ †m‡gwUK L‡ivôx AvivgvBK wjwc †_‡KB Drcbœ| hv (Aviexi gZ) †jLv nq Wvb †_‡K ev‡g| A‡kv‡Ki ci K‡qKRb ivRvi gy`ªv cvIqv hvq, hv‡Z GKB ivRvi bvg GK wc‡V †jLv Av‡Q MÖxK A¶‡i Avi Aci wc‡V †jLv Av‡Q eªvþx A¶‡i| G iKg wKQy gy`ªv iw¶Z wQj KjKvZv UvKkv‡ji msMÖn K?¶| †Rgm wcÖb‡mc wQ‡jb KjKvZv UvKkv‡ji Kg©KZ©v| wZwb Gme UvKvi MÖxK I eªvþx A¶‡ii g‡a¨ Zzjbv K‡i eªvþx A¶‡ii DŽPviY D×vi Ki‡Z m¶g nb Ges 1823 mv‡j cÖ_g eªvþx wjwc co‡Z cv‡ib| Gi d‡j mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgqKvi BwZnvm D×v‡ii weivU my‡hvM N‡U| Avgiv e‡jwQ, e¸ovi gnv¯’vbM‡o mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mg‡qi GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| GB wkjvwjwcwU Pybv cv_‡ii Dci eªvþx wjwc‡Z †Lvw`Z| Gi fvlv GK we‡kl cÖKv‡ii cÖvK…Z, hv cov m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, IB mgq GK weivU GjvKv eb¨vq Wz‡e hvevi d‡j dm‡ji fq¼i ¶wZ nq| GB wkjvwjwc‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, miKvwi km¨ fvÊvi †_‡K cÖRv‡`i Lv`¨km¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z| hv‡Z Zviv Abvnv‡i gviv bv hvq| mgªvU A‡kvK cÖRvermj b„cwZ wQ‡jb| wZwb Gfv‡e cÖRv‡`i Lv`¨km¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| g‡b nq A‡kv‡Ki mgq gnv¯’vbMo wQj GKwU cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª|

fvi‡Zi ga¨ cÖ‡`‡k GKUv gy`ªv cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, hv‡Z eªvþx A¶i †jLv n‡q‡Q Wvb †_‡K ev‡g| L‡ivôxi AbyKi‡Y| fvi‡Zi AÜ« cÖ‡`‡k A‡kv‡Ki GKwU Abykvmb cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, hvi GK jvBb †jLv n‡q‡Q Wvb †_‡K ev‡g Avi c‡ii jvBb †jLv n‡q‡Q evg †_‡K Wv‡b| G iKg †jLvi c×wZ‡K MÖxK fvlvq e‡j eym?Îv‡d`b| GK mgq MÖxK fvlv Gfv‡e †jLv nZ| c‡i †jLv Avi¤¢ nq †Kej evg w`K †_‡K Wv‡b| g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i eªvþxi ?¶?ÎI N‡UwQj GKB NUbv| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib L‡ivôx †_‡KB N‡U‡Q eªvþx wjwci D?¢e| KviY A‡kv‡Ki A‡bK Abykvm‡b wkjvwjwc †Lv`vBKvixi bvg cvIqv hvq L‡ivôx A¶‡i| hw`I wkjvwjwcwU †jLv eªvþx A¶‡i| cv_‡ii Dci mnR K‡i wjL‡Z wM‡qB L‡ivôx A¶i mnR n‡q I‡V| eªvþx A¶i m„wó nq| 

eªvþx wjwci µgk cwieZ©b NU‡Z _v‡K| ¸ß es‡ki ivRv‡`i mgq c�e©v‡j eªvþx GKUv we‡kl iƒc jvf K‡i, hv Av‡iv cwiewZ©Z n‡q †k‡l evsjv A¶‡i cwiYZ nq| bv‡Uvi †Rjvi abvB`n MÖv‡g ¸ß mgªvU Kzgvi ¸?ßi GKwU Zvgª kvmb cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Zvgª kvmb ej‡Z †evSvq Zvgvi cv‡Z †Lvw`Z `wjj| GwU GKwU Rwgi `wjj| Gi fvlv ms¯‹…Z| wKš‘ A¶i nj c�e©v‡ji iƒcvš�wiZ eªvþx| abvB`‡n cÖvß Zvgª kvm‡bi GKUv we‡kl HwZnvwmK ¸i€Z¡ Av‡Q| ivRkvnx †Rjvi †Mv`vMvox _vbvi †`ecvov (†`Icvov) bvgK MÖv‡g †mb eskxq ivRv weRq †m‡bi GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Gi fvlvI ms¯‹…Z| wKš‘ A¶i cÖvq evsjv (Proto Bengali)| GB wkjvwjwci welqe¯? nj, weRq †m‡bi cÖkw¯�| weRq †m‡bi ivRavbx weRqbMi wQj eZ©gvb ivRkvnx kn‡ii Kv‡Q Aew¯’Z weRqbMi bvgK ¯’v‡b| weRq †mb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib AvbygvwbK 1125 wLª÷v?ãi KvQvKvwQ| 

e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡`i cuyw_ msMÖ‡n iw¶Z PwÛ`vm KZ?©K †lvok kZvãx‡Z iwPZ K?ò KxZ©b cuyw_‡Z †h evsjv A¶‡ii cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv nj evsjv A¶‡ii mivmwi cÖvPxb iƒc| evsjv A¶‡ii D?¢e m¤^?Ü ej‡Z wM‡q mybxwZKzgvi P?Ævcva¨vq Zvi Ôev½vjv fvlv Z?Ë¡i f‚wgKvÕ eB‡Z (1942) wj‡L‡Qb t

ÒDËi-fvi‡Z eªvþx wjwc, KzlvY I ¸ß ivRv‡`i Avg‡j cwiewZ©Z nBqv, Kvjµ‡g mgªvU nl©ea©‡bi g„Zy¨i c‡i, mßg kZ‡K, wZbwU wewkó iƒc aviY K‡i? GB wZbwU iƒ‡ci g‡a¨ DËi-cwð‡g (Kvk¥xi I cvÄv‡e) cÖPwjZ iƒ‡ci bvg Ôkvi`vÕ `w¶Y-cwð‡g (ivR¯’vb, gvje I ¸Riv‡U) Ges ga¨-†`‡k cÖPwjZ iƒ‡ci bvg ÔbvMiÕ Ges c�e©-fvi‡Zi iƒ‡ci bvg ÔKzwUjÕ| g�j eªvþx wjwci GB KzwUj iƒc †f` nB‡Z ev½vjv A¶‡ii DrcwË, ÔbvMiÕ nB‡Z †`e bvMixi Ges Ôkvi`vÕ nB‡Z cvÄv‡ei ¸i€gyLxi DrcwË| ev½vjv I †`e bvMix wjwc ci¯ži nB‡Z ¯^vaxb Ges GB `yB wjwc gvÎ MZ nvRvi eQi nBj wewkóZv jvf Kwiqv‡Q|Ó 

evsjv‡`‡k ms¯‹…Z fvlv wPiKvj G †`‡k cÖPwjZ wjwc‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q| †`e bvMix A¶‡i bq| Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z wejv‡Z g¨vKm g�jvi †`e bvMix A¶‡i †e` Qvcvb| Avi Zvici †_‡KB †`e bvMix A¶‡i ms¯‹…Z †jLv Avi¤¢ nq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, evsjv fvlv ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K Drcb? n‡q‡Q| G aviYv †hgb wVK bq, †Zgwb evsjv A¶i †`e bvMix A¶i †_‡K m„wó n‡q‡Q, GB aviYvI we‡klfv‡e åvš�| hw`I eûj cÖPwjZ| wjwc †_‡K Avevi fvlvi K_vq Avwm| mvaviYZ Ph©vc`‡K evsjv fvlvi Avw` iƒc wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Gi fvlv GLb Avgiv Avi eyS‡Z cvwi bv| eySevi Rb¨ we‡klÁ‡`i mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq| Ph©vc`mg�n Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQj †bcv‡j| nicÖmv` kv¯�x gnvkq G‡`i †bcv‡ji ivR`ievi †_‡K G‡b Qvcvb 1916 mv‡j| G‡`i cÖ_g cvIqv hvq †bcv‡ji †bIqvi‡`i KvQ †_‡K| †bIqviiv Pxbv wefv‡Mi fvlvq K_v e‡j| hv‡K e‡j †bIqvix| †bIqviiv GB me c` msi¶Y K‡iwQj, KviY Zviv a‡g© gnvhvb †e?×| †bIqviiv Gme c` msi¶Y K‡iwQj, KviY Gme c‡`i welqe¯? n‡ŽQ mnRhvb †e?× gZev‡`i ¸p ZË¡| hv nj gnvhvb †e?× a‡g©iB GKwU we‡kl iƒc| evsjv‡`‡k Gme c` †Kv_vI cvIqv hvqwb| Gme c‡`i iPbvKvj AbywgZ nq cvj ivRv‡`i mg‡qi| cvj ivRviv †e?× wQ‡jb| wKš‘ Zviv wK fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb, Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e cvj ivRv‡`i Abykvmb ms¯‹…Z fvlv‡ZB n‡q‡Q cÖ`Ë| Ph©vc‡`i Abyiƒc †Kvb fvlv‡Z bq| ZvB †e?× cvj ivRviv evsjv fvlv weKv‡k †Kvb mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e bq|

†h evsjv c‡o Avgiv GLb mn‡R eySv‡Z cvwi, Zvi meB nj gymjgvb kvmb Avg‡ji| eo~ PwÛ`vm kªxK?ò KxZ©b iPbv K‡ib KviI g‡Z cÂ`k Avevi KviI g‡Z †lvok kZvãx‡Z (evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ PÛx`vm GKvwaK Av‡Qb| mvaviYZ g‡b Kiv nq kªxK?ò KxZ©b eo~ PwÛ`v‡mi iPbv| kªxK?ò KxZ©b bvgUv GLbKvi †`qv| cuyw_i cÖvPxb bvg wK wQj Zv Rvbv hvqwb)| Gi evsjv c‡o eyS‡Z Avgv‡`i Avi Amyweav nq bv| G ch©š� evsjvi hZ cÖvPxb cuyw_ Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ kªxK?ò KxZ©bB me‡P‡q cyivZb| Gi evsjvi GKUz bgybv †`qv †h‡Z cv‡it

AS‡i Si‡q †gvi bq‡bi cvbx|
euvkxi ke‡`u, evovwq, nvivwq‡jv
AvKzj Kwi‡Z wKev Avþvi gb|
evRvq myim euvkx bv‡›`i b›`b||
cvLx b‡nuv Zvi VvB Doxcwo RuvI|
†g`bx we`vi †`D cwm Auv jyKvIu||

cvwb Avi Rj wb‡q A‡bK weZK© n‡q‡Q| cvwb, A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib gymjgvwb evsjv kã| wKš‘ eo~ PÛx`vm cvwb kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, Rj e¨envi K‡ibwb| Avi GUv gymwjg cÖfv‡ei d‡j K‡i‡Qb, G iKg fveevi †Kvb KviY †bB| 

BwZnvm e‡j, gymjgvb b„cwZ‡`i Avg‡jB N‡U‡Q evsjv fvlvi we‡kl cÖKvk I weKvk| Gi GKwU KviY evsjv fvlvq mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Rb¨ gymwjg b„cwZMY w`‡q‡Qb Drmvn| Gi A‡bK `?óvš� cÖ`vb Kiv P‡j| K…wËevm ï× evsjvq ivgvqY iPbv Kievi Rb¨ eªvþY cwÊZMY KZ?©K mgv‡jvwPZ nb| wKš‘ evsjvi weL¨vZ myjZvb †ivKb-D`-`xb evievK kvn KZ?©K nb we‡klfv‡e cyi¯‹…Z| evievK, ÔkªxK?ò weRqÕ bvgK Kve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ gvjai emy‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib ÔÔ¸bevR LvbÕÕ Dcvwa| W±i `x‡bk P›`ª †mb Zvi weL¨vZ History of Bengali Language and Litarature MÖ‡š? AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡ib (1911), hw` evsjvi wn›`y ivRviv Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv eRvq ivL‡Z m¶g n‡Zb, Z‡e evsjv fvlv KLbB ivRmfvq cÖ‡ekvwaKvi jvf KiZ bv| Zvi weKvk i€× n‡qB _vKZ|

gymjgvb Avg‡j m„wó n‡qwQj MÖš’ iPbvi GKUv we‡kl cwigÊj| HwZnvwmK m¨vi h`ybv_ miKvi Zvi India Through the Ages bvgK eB‡Z e‡j‡Qb, cyivKv‡j wn›`y †jLKiv mvaviYZ Zv‡`i †jLv jywK‡q ivLv cQ›` Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ gymjgvb Avg‡j Avi¤¢ nq cy¯�‡Ki GKvwaK bKj cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Zv weµq I cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g Ávb we¯�v‡ii †Póv|

†h ZzK©x gymjgvbiv G †`k Rq K‡ib, ZvivB cÖ_g ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K wb‡q Av‡mb KvMR ˆZwii †KŠkj| Av‡M G †`‡k eB †jLv nZ cÖavbZ Zvj cvZvq| KLbI KLbI fzR©cÎ bvgK GK ai‡bi Mv‡Qi evK‡j| Z‡e fzzR©cÎ cvIqv wQj KwVb| mvaviYZ ZvB †jLv nZ Zv‡ji cvZvq| Zvj cvZv mgvb gv‡c †K‡U wb‡q Zv‡K †P‡c †i‡L ïKv‡bv nZ| Zvici Zvi Dci avZz mjvKvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ`x‡ci fzlv †_‡K ˆZwi Kvwj w`‡q †jLv nZ| wKš‘ gymjgvb Avg‡j Avi¤¢ nq KvM‡R †jLv| ÔKvMRÕ kãUv dviwm fvlv †_‡K cvIqv| ÔKjgÕ Ges ÔeBÕ Aviex fvlvi kã| ms¯‹…Z A_ev †Kvb cÖvK…Z fvlvi bq|

evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g eB Qvc nq cZz©Mv‡ji ivRavbx wjmeb kn‡i, 1743 L?÷v?ã| eBwU Qvcv n‡qwQj †ivgvb eY©gvjvq, cZz©MxR DŽPvi‡Y| GB eB‡qi bvg Crepar Xaxtrer Orthbhed (K…cvi kv¯�i A_©‡f`)| eBwU †j‡Lb cZz©MxR wLª÷vb cv`ªx gvbyGj& `v Avm&my¤žmuvI| wZwb eBwU †j‡Lb XvKvi Kv‡Q fvIqv‡j Ae¯’v‡bi mgq| wZwb eBwU wj‡LwQ‡jb c�e©e?½ L?÷ag© cÖPv‡ii gvb‡m| GB eB‡qi M`¨ mvay evsjv| wZwb GB M`¨ wk‡LwQ‡jb c�e©e?½| Zvi †jLv M`¨ c‡o Avbygvb Kiv P‡j, c�e©e?½ †m mgq GKwU mejxj DbœZgv‡bi mvay evsjv M‡`¨i cÖPjb wQj| Zv bv n‡j GKRb we‡`kx wgkbvixi c?¶ G ai‡bi evsjv M`¨ †jLv m¤¢e nZ bv| mvaviYZ g‡b Kiv nq, KjKvZvi †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R Bs‡iR Avg‡j evsjv M‡`¨i Rb¥| wKš‘ gvbyGj& wjwLZ evsjv M`¨ GB aviYv‡K g‡b nq åvš� cÖgvYB K‡i| cZz©MxR wgkbvix‡`i †jLv M`¨ Abykxjb K‡i eZ©gv‡b A‡b‡K GB wm×v‡š? G‡m‡Qb †h, mß`k kZ‡Ki †kl I Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g Ges m¤¢eZ Zvi Av‡MB evsjv M‡`¨i GKwU mij cÖvÄj iƒc wQj| hv wQj me©vs‡k mvwn‡Z¨i Dc‡hvMx|

Avgiv GLb mvay evsjv M‡`¨i PvB‡Z PjwZ evsjv M‡`¨B AwaK wjLwQ| GB evsjvi D?¢e nq KjKvZvq, mvwnwZ¨K‡`i nv‡Z| gvB‡Kj gaym�`b `?Ëi (1823-1873 L„t) †jLv bvU‡Ki msjv‡c Gi cÖ_g mdj cÖ‡qvM j¶¨ Kiv hvq| whwb R‡b¥wQ‡jb h‡kv‡ii mvMo`vwo MÖv‡g, KjKvZvq bq| gvÎ wKQyw`b Av‡MI g‡b Kiv nZ, GB PjwZ fvlvq †Kvb DŽPZi welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv Am¤¢e| wKš‘ GLb Zv m¤¢e n‡q D‡V‡Q| GLb GB PjwZ evsjvq eû wel‡qB eB †jLv n‡ŽQ| Av‡M hvi K_v fvevB †hZ bv|

wLª÷vb wgkbvixiv BD‡ivc †_‡K G †`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb wLª÷ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Z| evsjv fvlvi gva¨‡g ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv GB fvlvi kªxe„w× NUvb| Zv‡`i †Póvq cÖ_g evsjv A¶‡i evsjv eB Qvcv Avi¤¢ nq| ZvivB cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡ib evsjv msev`cÎ| Zviv †h evsjvq †Kej ag© wel‡qB eB †jL‡b Zv bq, weÁvb wel‡qI ZvivB cÖ_g evsjv fvlvq eB †jLvi m�Pbv K‡ib| fvlvi cÖKl© weav‡b Avgiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Aek¨B FYx| wKš‘ Zviv Avmevi Av‡MB evsjv M‡`¨i Rb¥ n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i nv‡ZB †h evsjv M‡`¨i D?¢e nq Zv bq| Z‡e Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Avgv‡`i FY Aek¨B ¯^xKvh©| Avi Zv ¯^xKvi KivI nq|

Bs‡iR kvm‡Ki †h mgqUv‡K A‡b‡K ej‡Z Pvb evsjvi beRvM„wZ ev †i‡bmuvi Kvj, †mmgq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ K…Zxi cwiPq †i‡L‡Qb evsjv fvlx wn›`y †jLKMY| GB mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk N‡U cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z e¨w³‡`i nv‡Z| gymjgvbiv cÖ_‡g †P‡q‡Q Bs‡iwR wk¶v †_‡K m‡i _vK‡Z| Gi wQj GKUv we‡kl fveMZ KviY| gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q wLª÷vb (bvmviv) Bs‡iR wQj, Ôwdwi½xÕ| cÖ_g µz‡m‡Wi mgq †_‡K (1096-1099 L„t) BD‡ivcxqiv IB iKg bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq gymwjg Rvnv‡b| KviY, cÖ_g µz‡m‡W divmx ev d«u¼iv MÖnY K‡iwQj cÖavb f‚wgKv| GB Ôd«u¼Õ bvgUv Aviex‡Z DŽPvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K ÔBdivbwRÕ| Avi Aviex †_‡K dviwm‡Z G‡m Zv `uvovq Ôdvi½xÕ| Avgiv ewj Ôwdwi½xÕ| gymjgvbiv wdwi½x mf¨Zv‡K GKUv DbœZ mf¨Zv e‡j fve‡Z cv‡iwb| fve‡Z cv‡iwb Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K GKwU DbœZ fvlv wn‡m‡e| HwZnvwmK Kvi‡YB Ôwdwi½xÕ mf¨Zvi cÖwZ gymjgvb‡`i g‡b wQj GKUv we‡kl weiƒcZv| wn›`y‡`i g‡b GB Abxnv wQj bv| Zviv Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj A‡bK mn‡R| Zviv Bs‡iwR †k‡L| wn›`y evsjvfvlx‡`i †Póvq Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i nvZ a‡i m„wó nq evsjv Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ Avi †QvU Mí- hv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Av‡M wQj bv| GB mvwnZ¨ avivi GKwU cÖfve G‡m c‡o evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡`iI Dci| Dbwesk kZ‡KB gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1848-1912) wj‡L‡Qb PgrKvi evsjv M`¨ Avi Zvi Dcb¨vmmg�nI †m hy‡Mi Zzjbvq Lv‡Uv bq| Zvi bvUK ÔÔRwg`vi `c©YÕÕ Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii wec?¶ mvaviY gvby‡li c¶ wb‡q †jLv| Gw`K †_‡K wZwbB n‡jb, ej‡Z †M‡j, evsjvi cÖ_g mgvR wec­ex mvwnwZ¨K|

AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k g�jZ evsjvfvlx gymjgv‡bi msMÖv‡gi dj| wKš‘ Zvi gvbm weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡ŽQ Kg| A_P, evsjv‡`‡ki Avwef©ve †Kb nj, Zv Dcjwä Kievi Rb¨ GB BwZnvm AeMZ nIqv we‡klfv‡eB cÖ‡qvRb| AvaywbK evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¥ n‡q‡Q KjKvZvq| wKš‘ evsjv fvlv‡K wb‡q Av‡›`vjb n‡q‡Q XvKvq| GB i?³i ¯^v¶‡ii BwZnvm Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j Rvb‡Z nq evsjvfvlx gymjgv‡bi we‡kl BwZnvm|

Avgiv †`‡LwQ, gyjgvb Avg‡jB N‡U‡Q evsjvfvlvi weKvk| GB weKv‡ki ?¶?Î gymwjg b„cwZ Ges AvgZ¨iv w`‡q‡Qb we‡kl Drmvn| gymwjg kvmb c�e© Avg‡j evsjv mvwnZ¨ e‡j wKQy wQj bv| Ph©vc` wb‡q GLb A‡bK K_v D‡V‡Q| Ph©vc`‡K GLb Angxqiv `vwe Ki‡Q Zv‡`i fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc wn‡m‡e| Dwoqv fvlxivI Zzj‡Q GKB `vwe| GgbwK †KD †KD Ph©vc`‡K `vwe Ki‡Q wn›`x fvlvi GKwU cÖvPxb wb`k©b wn‡m‡e| Ph©vc`‡K hw` evsjv fvlvi Avw`g iƒc wn‡m‡e MÖnY KivI nq, Z‡e Zv‡K ejv P‡j bv mvwnZ¨| Zv GK cÖ‡nwjKvgq fv‡ei cÖKvkt

Kv‡n‡i †Nwb †gwj Av‡Quv †nuv Kxm|
†ewpj nvK coB †PŠ`xm||
Acbv gvs‡m nwiYv ˆeix|
FYwnb QvoB fzmyKz A‡nix||

gvby‡li myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kvbœv Avi Kg© ZrciZv wb‡q evsjv fvlvq cÖK…Z mvwnZ¨ iPbv Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q gymjgvb Avg‡jB| Zvi Av‡M bq| Gi GKUv †cÖiYvi Drm wQj dviwm mvwnZ¨| hvi mvwnZ¨ m¤ž` †m hy‡M wQj LyeB mg?×| gymjgvb a‡g©i ci dviwm mvwnZ¨B evsjvi gymwjg gvbm‡K †ewk cÖfvweZ I wbqwš�Z K‡i‡Q| †lvok kZvãx‡Z Avgiv cvwŽQ gymwjg Kwe‡`i †jLv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cwiPq| kvn †gvnv¤§` QwMi A_ev QwMix cvi‡m¨i Kwe Rvgxi Abymi‡Y wj‡L‡Qb Zvi ÔÔBQd-†RvwjLvÕÕ Kve¨| wZwb Zvi GB Kve¨ iPbvi hyw³ w`‡Z †h‡q e‡j‡Qbt

BQd-†RvwjLv †KvQv weZve cÖgvY|
†`kx fv‡l †gvnv¤§` QwMix G fvb||

hviv GB cyuw_ c‡o‡Qb, Zv‡`i g‡Z Gi Q‡›` Av‡Q GKUv `ª€Z jq| Avi Gi †cÖ‡gi eY©bvq Av‡Q GKUv AZby fve|

weL¨vZ ÔÔgqgbwmsn MxwZKvÕÕi A‡bK Kvwnbx gymjgvb Kwei iPbv| G‡`i bvg cvIqv hvq| Gme Kvwnbxi g�j iPbvKvj †lvok I mß`k kZvãx| Gme Kvwnbx wVK †jvK Kvwnbxi ch©v‡q c‡o bv| Gme Kvwnbxi AwaKvskB cÖYqg�jK| Kvwnbx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q GKUv m?² g‡bi cwiPq| wiismvi ¯’‚jZv Gi g‡a¨ †bB| †hgb _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq A‡bK ˆeòe Kwei Kv‡e¨| evsjv Kv‡e¨ wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi gb wVK GKB Lv‡Z cÖengvb bq| evsjv Mvb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ask| Zv KweZv wn‡m‡e Avjv`v K‡i c‡oI Avb›` cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ G ?¶?Î iex›`ªbv_ Avi bRi€‡ji g‡a¨ ZdvrUv ¯?ó| GB †h wfbœZv Zv †Kej `yR‡bi cÖwZfv RwbZ Kvi‡Y †h N‡U‡Q Zv bq| N‡U‡Q ci¤živMZ Kvi‡YI| GB ci¤živMZ cv_©K¨ Dcjwä Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

AvR evsjv fvlv wek¦ cwiwPwZ cv‡ŽQ ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨| hv nj evsjvfvlx gymjgv‡bi m„wó| BD‡b?¯‹vi c¶ †_‡K 21 †deª€qvwi cvwjZ n‡e gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e| hv evsjvfvlx gvby‡li Rb¨ k­vNviB welq| Aek¨ G?¶?Î GKUv weåvwš� NU‡Q| 1952 mv‡ji 21 †deª€qvwi Avgiv †h Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQjvg, †mUv wQj ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb, gvZ…fvlv Av‡›`vjb bq| Gi †cÖ¶vcU g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kej gvZ…fvlvi ev¯�eZv w`‡q hvi e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Av‡m gvZ…fvlvi m?½ †m mgqKvi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZiI cÖm½| Bs‡iR Avg‡j weZK© n‡q‡Q fviZ ¯^vaxb n‡j †Kvb fvlv ivóªfvlv n‡e, Zv wb‡q| wn›`yiv G mgq mg_©b KiZ wn›`xi `vwe| Avi gymjgvbiv KiZ D`y©yi `vwe| evsjvi K_v DVZB bv| hw`I evsjv fvlv wQj LyeB AMÖmi, GB fvlvi Zzjbvq| mybxwZKzgvi P?Ævcva¨vq, Ôfvi‡Zi fvlv I fvlv mgm¨vÕÕ bv‡g GKwU eB †j‡Lb, hv‡Z ejv nq wn›`xB nIqv DwPZ ivóªfvlv| iex›`ªbv_I G e¨vcv‡i wQ‡jb mybxwZKzgv‡ii c?¶| evsjvi weL¨vZ †bZv (1938) Aveyj Kv‡mg dRjyj nK, D`y©i `vwe‡K mg_©b †`b| wKš‘ 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM?÷i ci Ae¯’vq cwieZ©b Avm‡Z _v‡K| Z`vbxš�b c�e©e?½ (DËie½mn) fviZ †_‡K Avm‡Z _v‡K A‡bK D`y©y©fvlx mvaviY gvbyl, eo PvKz‡i Avi e¨emvqx| hv‡`i m?½ m„wó n‡Z _v‡K GKUv mvs¯‹…wZi msNvZ| Bs‡iR Avg‡j †mbvevwnbx‡Z wQj cvÄvex cÖvavb¨| cvwK¯�v‡bI _vKj ZvB| wØZxq wek¦hy?×i mgq evsjvfvlx 60 nvRvi gymjgvb †hvM †`q hy?×| wKš‘ Zviv cÖavbZ wQj, IB hv‡K e‡j gvwUKvUv ˆmwbK| 1945 mv‡j hy× †k‡l Giv QvUvB n‡q hvq| Bs‡iR Avg‡j gvÎ GKRb evsjvfvlx gymjgvb AvBwmGm nb| ZvI cix¶v w`‡q bq| bwg‡bk‡bi gva¨‡g| wKš‘ †m ?¶?Î 13 Rb cvÄvex gymjgvb AvBwmGm wQ‡jb| Gme Kvi‡Y evsjvfvlx gymjgv‡bi g‡b n‡Z ïi€ K‡i, †m n‡Z hv‡ŽQ wØZxq †kªYxi bvMwiK| cvwK¯�v‡b D`y© Kv‡iv gvZ…fvlv wQj bv| wKš‘ cvÄv‡e D`y© n‡q D‡VwQj wØZxq fvlv| BKevj evwo‡Z me mgq cvÄvex ej‡jI KweZv †j‡Lb dviwm Ges D`y©‡Z| hw`I Zvi D`y©‡Z _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq cvÄvexi cÖfve| wRbœvn mv‡n‡ei gvZ…fvlv D`y© wQj bv| wKš‘ Bs‡iwRi ciB wZwb fvj e³…Zv w`‡Z cvi‡Zb D`y© fvlvq| mv‡eK cvwK¯�v‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ †fŠ‡MvwjK e¨eavb wQj 1700 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii| mv‡eK cvwK¯�v‡b RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K evsjvfvlx gvbyl wQj msL¨v¸i€| Zviv cÖ`vb KiZ †m mg‡qi cvwK¯�v‡bi †gvU ivR?¯^i A‡a©‡Ki †ewk| c�e©e?½i cvU AR©b KiZ ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi cÖavb Ask| evsjvfvlx gymjgvb fvej, D`y© ivóªfvlv n‡j †m wcwQ‡q co‡e, miKvwi PvKwii ?¶?Î| ivóª cwiPvjbvq †m n‡q co‡e G‡Kev‡iB †MŠY| †m n‡Z _vK‡e †kvwlZ| GB †cÖw¶‡ZB D‡VwQj evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Kievi `vwe| GB `vwe c�iY n‡Z cv‡i| mv‡eK cvwK¯�v‡b evsjv nq Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv| ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb we‡klfv‡eB mdj n‡qwQj| hv‡K e‡j fvlv ˆmwbK, Avwg Zv wQjvg bv| Z‡e GB Av‡›`vjb †_‡K Lye †h `�‡i m‡i wQjvg, ZvI bq| evsjvi mc?¶ wj‡LwQjvg B?¯�nvi| ZLb Avwg QvÎ| XvKvq coZvg| XvKv ZLb wQj GKUv †QvU kni| wU‡bi Pvj Avi euv‡ki †eovi Ni ZLb wQj XvKvi ˆewkó¨| kn‡ii Kv‡QB mܨvq †kqvj WvKZ| XvKv wQj †QvU kni| A‡b‡KB wPbZ| hviv fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb, Zv‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv ms‡M wQj Avgvi cwiPq| AvR GB e?× eq‡m g‡b c‡o †mme w`‡bi A‡bK ¯§„wZ| †Kvb eo Av‡›`vjbB QK †U‡b nq bv| cÖ_‡g QvÎ †bZviv Avi¤¢ K‡ib Av‡›`vjb| c‡i Zv MÖnY K‡i GK weivU MYAv‡›`vj‡biB iƒc| GB Av‡›`vj‡b Ask †bb bvbv gZ I c‡_i gvbyl| GLb fvlv Av‡›`vjb m¤^?Ü hv †jLv n‡ŽQ, Zvi A‡bK wKQyB Avgvi Kv‡Q KvíwbK g‡b nq| BwZnv‡m Aek¨B †bZv‡`i f‚wgKv _v‡K| wKš‘ weivU Rbmg_©b Qvov †Kvb Av‡›`vjb mdj nq bv| Avcvgi RbmvaviY mg_©b w`‡qwQj fvlvi `vwe‡K, †mw`‡bi c�e© cvwK¯�v‡b| RbMY BwZnvm M‡o|

GK Rxe‡b Avgiv A‡bK wKQyB NU‡Z †`Ljvg| †`Ljvg wekvj weªwUk mvgªvR¨ †f?½ coj| fviZ I cvwK¯�vb m„wó nj| mv‡eK cvwK¯�vb †f?½ Avevi Rb¥ wbj AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k| wKš‘ GLv‡bB wK †kl? Avi wKQy wK NU‡e bv wbKU fwel¨‡Z| †K Rv‡b|

Avgiv evsjv fvlv Avi wjwci K_v Av‡jvPbv Kijvg| GLb hv fvi‡Zi Avmvg cÖ‡`k Zvi GKUv Ask‡K cyivKv‡j ejv nZ cÖvK‡R¨vwZk| cÖvK‡R¨vwZ‡ki fvlvi m?½ evsjv fvlvi we‡kl †Kvb Zdvr wQj bv| GLbI Angxqv Avi evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY GKB| fvlv wn‡m‡e Angxqv‡K ejv hvq evsjvi mn`iv| Angxqv Avi evsjv †jLv nq GKB wjwc‡Z| Avgiv hv‡K e‡jwQ evsjv wjwc, Angxqiv mgfv‡eB Zv `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i wjwc wn‡m‡e| evsjvq Avgiv ÔeÕ-Gi wb‡P †dvUv w`‡q ÔiÕ wjwL| Angxqv‡Z ÔiÕ A¶i †jLv nq ÔeÕ A¶‡i †cU †K‡U| Angxqv wjwc‡Z ÔeÕ me mg‡q Aš�¯? ÔeÕ, hvi DŽPviY GLb Avi evsjvq †bB| Angxqv‡Z ÔkÕ, ÔlÕ Avi ÔmÕ, GB wZ‡biB DŽPviY nq KZKUv ÔLÕ Gi gZ| GB nj wjwci ?¶?Î evsjvi m?½ Angxqvi Zdvr| cyi‡bv Angxqv fvlv wQj G‡Kev‡i evsjv fvlviB Abyiƒc| wKš‘ GLb bZzb Angxqv fvlvq wke mvMi I wWeª€Mo A‡ji kã AwaK e¨eüZ n‡ŽQ| hv Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q †ek wKQyUv AcwiwPZ| Angxqv‡Z XvKvi AvÂwjK evsjvi gZ A‡bK RvqMvq ÔnÕ DŽPvwiZ nq| Avgiv †mLv‡b ewj, Ôgvby‡liÕ| †mLv‡b Angxqv‡Z n‡e ÔgvbyniÕ|

fvi‡Zi Avmvg A½ivR¨| †fŠ‡MvwjK w`K †_‡K Avgv‡`i G‡Kev‡i jv‡Mvqv| Avmvg GLb Pv‡ŽQ ¯^vaxb n‡Z| Avmvg hw` KLbI ¯^vaxb nq, Z‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK I fvlvMZ Kvi‡Y nq‡Zv †m Abyfe Ki‡e evsjv‡`‡ki m?½ we‡kl mvhyR¨| GB f‚fv‡M ZvB M‡o DV‡ZI cv‡i Avmvg-evsjv‡`k wg‡j GKUv bgbxq ivóª mgevq ev Kb‡dWv‡ikb| Z‡e GUv †KejB GKUv m¤¢vebviB welq| Zvi †ewk wKQy bq|

evsjv‡`‡k evsjv fvlv weKv‡ki ?¶?Î GLb Avi †Kvb ivR‰bwZK cÖwZeÜKZv †bB| Avgiv GLb mn‡RB Ki‡Z cvwi G fvlvq we`¨v PP©v| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i fvlv im mvwnZ¨ PP©vq hZUv AMÖmi, ÁvbcÖ` welq PP©vq GLbI ZZUv bq| GB fvlv‡K GLb weÁvb I AvaywbK cÖhyw³ welqK MÖš’ iPbvi Av‡iv Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i ?¶?Î evwo‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e evsjv fvlvi cÖKvk ¶gZv| 

(†jLK ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡eK cÖ‡dmi)
 

 Z_¨myGt  ‰`wbK  gy³KÚ,  09, 10I 11  †deª€qvix, 2000