1
Thesis: The world has, as to time and space, a beginning (limit).
Antithesis: The world is, as to time and space, infinite.
2
Thesis: Everything in the world consists of [elements that are] simple.
Antithesis: There is nothing simple, but everything is composite.
3
Thesis: There are in the world causes through freedom.
Antithesis: There is no freedom, but all is nature.
4
Thesis: In the series of the world-causes there is some necessary being.
Antithesis: There is nothing necessary in the world, but in this series all is contingent.
--Immanuel Kant, "The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics" (The Age of Ideology, Henry D. Aiken, pp. 41-42)