Why religous
dogmas? Without the home of religious dogmas, Tocqueville proclaims,
there can be no real freedom, because people are paralyzed by doubt. As
for the example of Jewish religion, the only dogma is that God has a special
relationship with the people of Israel, and that he exists. Many of the
Jewish habits and practices that perpetuate and express the Jewish
narrative, and mediate between the individual and God, make it seem as
if there were a lot of dogmas. However, the narrative is flexible enough
to adopt to particular perspectives once they have accepted the most basic
dogma, that of God's existence and his relationship to the (individual)
Jew, which provides a sense of security and direct engagement without much
mediation.
Why do Jews wear a skull cap? They are supposed
to remember that there is a higher order above them, echoing Tocqueville's
observation that "Every religion places the object of man's desires outside
and beyond worldly goods and naturally lifts the soul into regions far
above the realm of senses." It deflects attention from the material
world, and provides one with the opportunity to reflect on the larger order
of things, and not get lost in the secular "passion for well-being" of
democratic ages. "The main business of religions is to purify, control
and restrain that excessive and exclusive taste for well-being...
they may be able to induce (the people) to use only honest means to enrich
themselves." Judaism has shown a great potential for adapting to specific
historical circumstances, never letting loose of the core of universal
religious principles, yet allowing for assimilation to a particular environment.
And what about mysticism? "The soul has needs which
must be satisfied. Whatever pains are taken to distract it from itself,
it soon grows bored, restless, and anxious amid the pleasures of the senses...
I should be surprised if, among a people preoccupied with prosperity, mysticism
did not soon make progress." In other words, there is a natural occurrence
of "enthusiastic spirituality", and religion is a natural form to address
it. In the very days this paper is written, the yellow press reports that
the movement of "Kabbalah" is finding more and more friends in Hollywood,
among them singer Madonna and actress Elisabeth Taylor. Kabbalah-places
are also springing up on New York’s Fifth Avenue. Kabbalah is the part
of Jewish religion which has a very powerful appeal on the imagination
of people, often providing them with beautiful metaphors and images that
explain why a certain behaviour is desired. It seems to me indeed
that one of the best features of a religion that entails mysticism is,
that it makes intelligible that which bewilders us, that we cannot explain,
and thus encompasses our wonder and encloses it within an order that provides
a way to deal with that wonder and the questions that cannot rationally
be answered.
Might
the problem of a secular and democratic world be the loss of God? In
other words, has the loss of religious narratives robbed us of institutions
and patterns of thinking that were vital to the survival of human beings?
The Czech President and writer Vaclav Havel, echoing much of Tocqueville,
suggests so. At the end of this paper on narratives, the reflections of
this East European champion of 'civil society', understood as the absence
of governmental power in the creation of people's true lives ("Living in
Truth" being Havel's motto) deserve to be discussed:
"Whenever I have encountered any kind of deep problem with civilization anywhere in the world - be it the logging of rain forests, ethnic or religious intolerance or the brutal destruction of a cultural landscape that had taken centuries to develop - somewhere at the end of the long chains of events that gave rise to the problem at issue I have always found one and the same cause: a lack of accountability to and responsibility for the world... could the fact that humanity thinks only within the limits of what lies in its field of vision and is incapable of remembering also what lies beyond, whether in the temporal or spatial sense, not be the loss of metaphysical certitude? Could not the whole nature of the current civilization, with its shortsightedness, with its proud emphasis on the human individual as the crown of all creation - and its master - and with the boundless trust in humanity's ability to embrace the Universe by rational cognition, could it not all be only the natural manifestation of a phenomenon which, in simple terms, amounts to the loss of God? Or more specifically: the loss of respect for the order of existence of which we are not the creators but mere components."
Thus speaks the latest son of democratic and liberal revolutions. He then proposes:
Perhaps the way out of the current bleak situation
could be found in the search of what unites the various religions and cultures,
in the search for common sources, principles, certitudes, aspirations and
imperatives, a purpose-minded search; and then, applying means adequate
to the needs of time, we could cultivate all matters of human coexistence
and endeavor, and at the same time the planet on which it is our destiny
to live, suffusing it with all the spirit of what I would call the common
spiritual and moral minimum... What does dominate is the similarity in
what various religions ask of us human beings, or how they perceive us."