What then, are the implications for liberalism, religions, and civil society
in the future? The most important thing to be learned from this Tocquevillian
on narratives is that people long for a particular sense of identity within
a universal order. The history of equality has led them towards a universal
order of equality that was to provide them with space for their own particular
narrative, which, in Appiah's terms, is basically a twist on a meta-narrative,
a twist that provides a particular 'entrance' into the larger order of
things.
The
failure of the liberal narrative today The order of the liberal
narrative has failed in providing that particular entrance to the mass
of people. The abstraction of human beings as autonomous individuals (the
thin conception of the person) was politically useful. As a narrative which's
institutions and habits generate a self-perception of people that is ultimately
dissatisfying , it fails to address human beings in their totality. Liberalism
can only hold ground if it becomes more cautious and self-conscious when
it imposes its demands unto other realms. It would also benefit from a
sensitivity to sociology, and to the narrative of republicanism, thus enriching
the abstract ideas of individual rights with practices and habits without
which it cannot sustain itself. Liberalism should seek to assume the role
of a moderator in the sense that it steps in when needed, but lets
room in the public sphere for ‘good‘ projects that oppose the current understanding
of liberalism as a ‘right’ project. In other words, liberalism must admit
that it is a good, contingent and universal project itself, rather than
assuming the arrogance of some "free-standing conception of justice" taking
priority over particular narratives.
Democracy,
Liberalism, Republicanism Democracy and its basic idea of equality
in public participation, relies heavily on liberalism and republican (or
communitarian) ideas. It must seek to etch itself into the public mind
by providing many different democratic practices, undogmatically redefining
what equality in participation means. Feminist writers have made valuable
suggestions, and the local encounter may be another worthwhile field
of work and practice.
Religions must
make a gentle comeback. Their strength in a democratic world lies within,
not without. By this I mean that service to their members should be their
primary concern, not expansion into other spheres, or defeat of other religious
orders.
A civil society
would be the place where the order of a liberal democracy and the different
religious orders (and all others which he have not talked about) would
attempt to find the common ground of which Vaclav Havel spoke. Democratic
institutions and practices would temper religious zeal. Religion would
temper shallow democratic restlessness. Both orders, the one of a liberal
democracy, and the religious orders, will have to learn to adapt to one
another, in essence arranging their respective narratives to one another,
gently transforming one another, while also gently insisting on their right
and space. As Sandel has suggested, "weaving" the web of narratives into
meta-narratives, and arranging meta-narratives with one another by linking
them at decisive points is not an easy matter, and the unity in narratives
which exemplifies the ‘authenticity’ thereby expressed, may be hard to
achieve. Maybe it will not be gentle at all. It will only be gentle, or
tempered in zeal, if we are aware of the (good and contingent) meta-project
of arranging narratives.
A new
understanding of the human task To this end, our new understanding
of the common human task must be aware of its contingency. The best way
to link meta-narratives, or to weave narratives into one another may be
to be aware of the common questions that lead to different answers, as
my model above suggests. On the plain green meadows of democracy, we must
all learn to be aware again of what I call "the question of the open sky":
that we all try to establish an order between the open plane of our particular
existence, and the universal silent yawn above that asks us the question
of meaning in the face of its infinity. The narrative of this new understanding
of the importance of open questions - rather than of rational answers -
would entail that no one can possibly come up with a more justified answer
than another human being. All attempts to come to term with that question
of the open sky - as it details itself in countless different narratives
of (moral, religious, scientific, political and / or cultural) orders of
things -, are equally justified, provided that they leave room for other
answers. That decisive proviso will be an important contribution of liberalism.
Change and
Compromise I am not pleading to eternally uphold certain doctrines,
but I am not calling for the destruction of narratives either. If people
seek their particularity to be addressed in narratives, then changing circumstances
will demand that traditional narratives pose new questions and give new
answers, and are rewritten. Change is inevitable - change in reality leading
to change in the narratives leading to change in the construction of reality
- it is an endless circle. Democratic habit will still lead us toward a
certain kind of equality, and all narratives will have to compromise. It
is a process that has lost the enlightened confidence that we are all striving
towards a universal rational civilization with one rational morality. The
world will always, and necessarily so, remain fractured. This insight should
rob the Western world of much of its unifying missionary spirit. My proposal
is a procedural arrangement of a never-ending process that calls for learned
people to arrange their orders, and to be attentive in that process to
the mechanisms of narrative and institutions, particularity and universalism,
political practice and private truths. What I have laid out could be the
new meta-narrative of a refined liberalism, a liberalism that still focuses
on individual self-actualization, but, by conceptualizing individuals as
story-telling beings in relation to others, and in the context of orders
and a particular situation as well as in the context of the universal perception
of things. Politically, we must enable people to tell their narratives
(together with others if necessary), and enable them to do justice to the
performative function of their narrative - but we must insist that these
narratives do not entail totalitarian practices.
How do we assume the humility that allows for questions? Post-modernity
may serve us as a light as to what modernity, the replacement of a foundation
beyond human beings, has done to earth and existence. The postmodern critique
of rational and secular modernity as arrogant and misguided must lead us
to a new humility. Other than that, let us learn humility from whichever
narrative it comes from.
Truth will
be a puzzle, pieced together and processed within the framework of
liberal democratic institutions. This habit-producing framework of non-violence
is the heritage of liberalism as we move towards the millennium, ever more
aware of our failures and the futility of our many human-centered efforts.
As the sections of the Talmud end: now, go and study.