Frequently asked Questions

1.In The Book of the Law, there are some Egyptian names that look funny. What's the deal?

Crowley, it seems, tried as much as possible to use the original Egyptian pronounciations of divine names, rather than use their popular Greek corruptions. Most of these (e.g. Hadit) have since been revised in the light of better knowledge of Egyptian, but his attempt was commendable.

2.Was there any Egyptian gematria?

Put simply, no. If there was a standard order used by the Egyptians for their "alphabet", it has been lost. And unlike Hebrew, but like English, the symbols used to express numbers in Ancient Egyptian were not used for letters.

However, since the phonetics of Egyptian closely parallel Hebrew, it is possible to transliterate Egyptian names and phrases into the Hebrew alphabet for gematric computations much more readily than English.

3.What's the deal with all these "hyphenated" gods like Amen-Ra, Ra-Hoor-Khuit, etc.?

In ancient Egypt, different cities often had completely different conceptions of cosmology. As the influence of a city grew, so often did the influence of its mythos. It became necessary to reconcile different gods who served similar roles, and so the priests took the enlightened viewpoint that the "gods" were merely one entity manifesting under different names and/or forms. The one entity was referred to by a compound name, such as Amen-Ra or Ptah-Seker-Ausar.



Fuad I
{foo-ahd'}

Fuad I, b. Mar. 26, 1868, d. Apr. 28, 1936, was the first king of modern Egypt. A son of ISMAIL PASHA, he succeeded his brother Hussein Kamil as sultan in 1917 and became king on his country's independence in 1922. His reign was marked by continued British influence in politics and by the king's struggle against the WAFD party.

FUNERARY CONES

Cone-shaped objects of fired Nile mud, stamped on one end, are very commonly found in Thebes. The stamps bear the names and titles of officials. The standard collection of these objects is Norman de Garis Davies and M.F. Laming Macadam, A Corpus of Inscribed Egyptian Funerary Cones I (Oxford 1957). The numbers of this publication will be referred to here as Corpus nnn.

It is probable that these objects formed part of the decoration of the facade of the tomb, and the names on them are those of the tomb owner. Many more cones types have been found than can be attributed to known tombs. However, cones have only on two occasions been found in situ. The first time was nearly 150 years ago, above an 18th dynasty tomb (A.H. Rhind, Thebes: Its Tombs and their Tenants (London 1862), 136-8), and the other was a series of unstamped cones above an early Middle Kingdom tomb (H.E. Winlock, in Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Part II, February 1928, fig. 4-5). Some illustrations of tomb facades in the decoration of some tombs show a possible row of circular objects above tombs.

A considerable number of the cones found in the TT99 excavations certainly bore the name and titles of Sennefer (below left). Only one further cone type was found in any quantity (below right); the name of the owner of this cone is uncertain, but seems to end in -nefer. As the titles on the stamp are nearly all found in the tomb, it is tempting to identify it as originating in TT99, although no positive evidence for this identification was found, despite it being possible to improve the reading of some parts of the stamp. More than one cone from a tomb is quite plausible. The long stamp was also found on two bricks.

Cone of Sennefer (Corpus 154) Possible cone of Sennefer (Corpus 93)

As the objects are quite portable, cones from other tombs are frequently found in addition to those which can be shown to have belonged to the tomb owner. The following 3 examples are such:

Cone of Merremetjef (Corpus 55)

Cone of Heqaneheh (Corpus 98)

Cone of Suemniut (Corpus 163)


Furniture

Furniture, such movables as chairs, tables, beds, chests, and cabinets; the term may also be used for draperies, rugs, mirrors, and lamps. Since ancient times furniture has been made of many materials, with styles and techniques showing great variety, but in the past most pieces were fashioned of wood and decorated by INLAYING, painting or gilding, carving, veneering, and marquetry. Ancient Asian furniture displays carving and inlay on ebony and teak.

Egyptian pieces 6,000 years old have animal carvings and gold and ivory inlay. The Greeks used low couches and curved chairs. The Romans adopted Greek and Etruscan forms. Heavily carved Gothic furniture reflected architectural styles. Renaissance pieces were richly decorated. Peasant furniture was solid, painted or carved, and slow to change in style. Provincial pieces were simple and of native woods.

Period styles, such as the LOUIS PERIOD STYLES, DIRECTOIRE STYLE, and EMPIRE STYLE, developed in cultural centers. English period styles include Elizabethan, Jacobean, Queen Anne, and Georgian and were represented by such designers as CHIPPENDALE, HEPPLEWHITE, and SHERATON. Early American cabinetmakers adapted English styles in utilitarian form, using such native woods as pine, maple, and cherry; later, PHYFE and others added walnut and mahogany.

In the 19th cent. mass production of furniture began. Early in the 20th cent. ART NOUVEAU influenced furniture design. Later, such architects as RIETVELD , MIËS VAN DER ROHE , and Eero SAARINEN developed functional pieces using modern materials. After World War II, elegant, simple Scandinavian furniture of fine woods became popular worldwide. Trends in the late 1970s to early 90s include the austere, minimal look of built-ins, a return to the opulent, padded look of ART DECO , and a relaxed country style influenced by the American farmhouse and the furnishings of the SHAKERS .


GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT

- TOTAL AREA: 1,001,450 sq km (386,662 sq mi); LAND AREA: 995,450 sq km (384,345 sq mi)

- COMPARATIVE AREA: slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

- LAND BOUNDARIES: 2,689 km (1,452 mi); Gaza Strip 11 km (6 mi), Israel 255 km (138 mi), Libya 1,150 km (621 mi), Sudan 1,273 km (687 mi)

- COASTLINE: 2,450 km (1,323 mi)

- MARITIME CLAIMS: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: undefined; Territorial sea: 12 nm

- DISPUTES: Administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international boundary

- CLIMATE: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

- TERRAIN: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

- NATURAL RESOURCES: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

- LAND USE: arable land 3%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated 5%

- ENVIRONMENT: Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; water pollution; desertification

- DEFORESTATION RATE: 0 net annual percent

- NOTE: controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics

PEOPLE OF EGYPT

- POPULATION, YEAR 1992: 55,680,000

- POPULATION, YEAR 2010 (Projected): 81,288,000

- POPULATION, YEAR 2025 (Projected): 103,115,000

- POPULATION DENSITY: 144 persons per sq mi

- TOTAL URBAN POPULATION: 25,223,000

- URBAN POPULATION: 45.3%

- TOTAL POPULATION GROWTH: 1,358,592

- POPULATION GROWTH: 2.44%

- POPULATION DOUBLING TIME: 28.41 years

- TOTAL BIRTHS: 1,753,920

- BIRTH RATE: 31.5 births per 1000 persons

- FERTILITY RATE: 4.38 children born per woman

- TOTAL DEATHS: 395,328

- DEATH RATE: 7.1 deaths per 1000 persons

- POPULATION UNDER AGE 15: 22,996,000

- PERCENT UNDER AGE 15: 41.3%

- POPULATION OVER AGE 65: 2,172,000

- PERCENT OVER AGE 65: 3.9%

- LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH: 58 years male, 62 years female (1992)

- NET MIGRATION RATE: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)

- MARRIAGES: 442,280

- MARRIAGE RATE: 9.1 per 1000 persons

- DIVORCES: 79,189

- DIVORCE RATE: 1.64 per 1000 persons

- NATIONALITY: noun - Egyptian(s); adjective - Egyptian

- ETHNIC DIVISIONS: Eastern Hamitic stock 90%; Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10%

- RELIGIONS: (official estimate) Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%; Coptic Christian and other 6%

- LANGUAGES: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes

EDUCATION IN EGYPT

- LITERACY: 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

- AGES OF COMPULSORY EDUCATION: 6 to 15

- EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE: 6.8% of GNP

- EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE: 9.4% of govt. expenditure

- DAILY NEWSPAPERS: 13

- DAILY NEWSPAPER CIRCULATION: 1,953,000

- DAILY CIRCULATION: 38 per 1000 persons

- NEWSPRINT CONSUMPTION: 1,648 kg per 1000 persons

- NATIONAL LIBRARIES: 1,343,000 volumes

- SPECIAL LIBRARIES: 1,639,000 volumes

- BOOK PRODUCTION: 1,451 titles

- MUSEUMS AND SITES: 63

HEALTH IN EGYPT

- MEDICAL CARE EXPENDITURES: 9.6% of gnp

- ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE: 99% with access

- ACCESS TO SAFE WATER: 89.8% with access

- ACCESS TO SAFE WATER, URBAN: 86% with access

- ACCESS TO SAFE WATER, RURAL: 95% with access

- CALORIE CONSUMPTION, TOTAL: 3,310 calories per person per day

- CALORIE CONSUMPTION, ANIMAL: 257 calories per person per day

- CALORIE CONSUMPTION, VEGETABLE: 3,052 calories per person per day

- HOSPITAL BEDS: 479 population per bed

- PHYSICIANS: 9,495

- PHYSICIANS PER CAPITA: 2 per 10,000 persons

- NURSES: 12,458

- NURSES PER CAPITA: 2.7 per 10,000 persons

- CONTRACEPTION USE: 37.8% of married women

- MATERNAL DEATHS: 1,241

- MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE: 65.2 deaths per 100,000 live births

- TOTAL INFANT MORTALITY: 128,212

- INFANT MORTALITY RATE: 73.1 deaths per 1000 births

- MEASLES IMMUNIZATION: 93% of immunized under 12 months

- DPT: 90% immunized under 12 months

- AIDS: 50 cases reported

GOVERNMENT OF EGYPT

- LONG-FORM NAME: Arab Republic of Egypt

- TYPE: republic

- CAPITAL: Cairo

- ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS: 26 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buchayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma`iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu`t, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa`id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj

- INDEPENDENCE: 28 February 1922 (from U.K.); formerly United Arab Republic

- CONSTITUTION: 11 September 1971

- LEGAL SYSTEM: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

- NATIONAL HOLIDAY: Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)

- EXECUTIVE BRANCH: president, prime minister, Cabinet

- LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role

- JUDICIAL BRANCH: Supreme Constitutional Court

- LEADERS: Chief of State: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as President on 14 October 1981); Head of Government: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)

- POLITICAL PARTIES AND LEADERS: formation of political parties must be approved by government; National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'd SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJAB; Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, Dia' AL-DIN DAWOUD

- SUFFRAGE: universal and compulsory at age 18

- ELECTIONS: Advisory Council: last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172; People's Assembly: last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) - including NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties boycotted President: last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President Hosni MUBARAK was reelected

- OTHER POLITICAL OR PRESSURE GROUPS: Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

- MEMBER OF: ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

- DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION: Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY; Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW, Washington, D.C. 20008; telephone (202) 232-5400; there are Egyptian Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco; US: Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU; Embassy at Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo (mailing address is APO AE 09839); telephone [20] (2) 355-7371; FAX [20] (2) 355-7375; there is a US Consulate General in Alexandria

- FLAG: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band

- BRANCHES: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

- MANPOWER AVAILABILITY: males 15-49, 13,911,006; 9,044,425 fit for military service; 563,321 reach military age (20) annually

- DEFENSE EXPENDITURES: exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 6.4% of GDP (1991)

CRIME IN EGYPT

- TOTAL OFFENSES: 3,314.41 per 100,000 persons

- MURDER: 1.59 per 100,000 persons

- SEX OFFENSES (including rape): 0.45 per 100,000 persons

- RAPE: 0.01 per 100,000 persons

- SERIOUS ASSAULT: 0.7 per 100,000 persons

- THEFT (all kinds): 57.71 per 100,000 persons

- AGGRAVATED THEFT: 0.74 per 100,000 persons

- ROBBERY AND VIOLENT THEFT: 0.03 per 100,000 persons

- THEFT OF AUTOMOBILES: 3.35 per 100,000 persons

- OTHER THEFT: 53.61 per 100,000 persons

- FRAUD: 3.64 per 100,000 persons

- DRUG OFFENSES: 14.29 per 100,000 persons

ECONOMY OF EGYPT

- OVERVIEW: Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for balance-of-payments support.

As part of the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the government agreed to institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promote economic growth, and improve its external position. The reforms have been slow in coming, however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for the past four years. The addition of 1 million people every seven months to Egypt's population exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the total land area available for agriculture.

- GDP: exchange rate conversion - $39.2 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate 2% (1991 est.)

- GDP, AGRICULTURE: 18.34 percent of GDP from agriculture

- LABOR FORCE: 15,000,000 (1989 est.); government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%; agriculture 34%; privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984); shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)

- LABOR FORCE, FEMALES: 9.8% ages 15/64

- ORGANIZED LABOR: 2,500,000 (est.)

- INFLATION RATE (CONSUMER PRICES): 17% (1991 est.)

- UNEMPLOYMENT RATE: 15% (1991 est.)

- BUDGET: revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $15.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $6 billion (FY90 est.)

- EXPORTS: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.); commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals; partners: EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan

- IMPORTS: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.); commodities: machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer goods, capital goods; partners: EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe

- EXTERNAL DEBT: $38 billion (December 1991 est.)

- INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION: growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

- ELECTRICITY: 13,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita (1991)

- INDUSTRIES: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement, metals

- AGRICULTURE: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons

- ECONOMIC AID: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion

- CURRENCY: Egyptian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters

- EXCHANGE RATES: Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1--3.4141 (January 1993), 3.3310 (January 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987)

- FISCAL YEAR: 1 July - 30 June

- MINING / QUARRYING:

Iron ore: 1,054,000 metric tons

Phosphate rock: 1,330,000 metric tons

- MANUFACTURING:

Beer: 510,000 hectoliters

Cigarettes: 45,174,000,000

Paper and Paperboard: 160,000 metric tons

Tires: 1,006,000

Nitrogenous Fertilizer: 678,000 metric tons

Phosphate Fertilizer: 222,000 metric tons

Cement: 9,635,000 metric tons

Iron and Steel: 1,700,000 metric tons

Pig Iron: 140,000 metric tons

Aluminum: 142,600 metric tons

Radios: 161,000

Televisions: 319,000

Shipbuilding-Tonnage Launched: 670,000 gross registered tons

- ENERGY:

Crude Petroleum: 61,387,000 metric tons coal equivalent

Natural Gas: 8,570,000 metric tons coal equivalent

Motor Gasoline: 5,271,000 metric tons coal equivalent

Electricity: 4,827,000 metric tons coal equivalent

Energy Consumption: 739 kwh per capita

AGRICULTURE OF EGYPT

- LAND IN AGRICULTURE: 2.58%

- AGRICULTURAL POPULATION DENSITY: 1,972.88 persons per sq km

- TOTAL AGRICULTURAL WORKERS: 5,960,000

- AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, 1991: 40% of workforce

- AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS: $3,263,800,000

- AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS: $480,700,000

- FOOD AND ANIMALS IMPORTED: $2,698,300,000

- FOOD AND ANIMALS EXPORTED: $270,000,000

- AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS:

Cereal: 13,670,000 metric tons

Wheat: 4,483,000 metric tons

Rice: 3,152,000 metric tons

Barley: 110,000 metric tons

Maize (Corn): 5,270,000 metric tons

Potatoes: 920,000 metric tons

Dry Beans: 25,000 metric tons

Dry Peas: 1,000 metric tons

Lentils: 18,000 metric tons

Soybeans: 135,000 metric tons

Groundnuts: 35,000 metric tons

Sunflower Seeds: 31,000 metric tons

Vegetables: 1,100,000 metric tons

Fruits: 4,720,000 metric tons

Wine: 2,000 metric tons

Dates: 595,000 metric tons

Sugar Cane: 11,095,000 metric tons

Sugar Beets: 1,106,000 metric tons

Oranges: 1,600,000 metric tons

Lemons and Limes: 415,000 metric tons

Bananas: 410,000 metric tons

Jute: 5,000 metric tons

Cotton: 294,000 metric tons

- ANIMALS:

Horses: 10,000

Mules: 1,000

Asses: 2,000,000

Cattle: 3,500,000

Buffaloes: 2,550,000

Camels: 200,000

Pigs: 110,000

Sheep: 4,900,000

Goats: 4,500,000

Chickens: 35,000,000

Ducks: 8,000,000

Turkeys: 1,000,000

- ANIMAL PRODUCTS:

Total Meat: 825,000 metric tons

Beef: 229,000 metric tons

Buffalo Meat: 191,000 metric tons

Mutton and Lamb: 69,000 metric tons

Goat Meat: 32,000 metric tons

Pig Meat: 3,000 metric tons

Poultry: 219,000 metric tons

- DAIRY PRODUCTS:

Cow Milk: 1,140,000 metric tons

Buffalo Milk: 1,320,000 metric tons

Sheep Milk: 8,000 metric tons

Goat Milk: 17,000 metric tons

Cheese: 318,750 metric tons

Butter and Ghee: 79,550 metric tons

Dry Milk: 0 metric tons

- MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS:

Fish Catches: 254,000 metric tons

Eggs: 128,000 metric tons

Honey: 11,000 metric tons

Silk: 13 metric tons

Wool: 1,700 metric tons

- AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT:

Agricultural Tractors: 52,900 in use

Harvester-Threshers: 2,340 in use

COMMUNICATIONS IN EGYPT

- RAILROADS: 5,110 km (2,759 mi) total; 4,763 km (2,572 mi) 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km (187 mi) 0.750-meter gauge; 951 km (513 mi) double track; 25 km (13 mi) electrified

- RAIL PASSENGERS: 27,083,000,000 passenger-kilometers

- RAIL FREIGHT: 2,853,000,000 ton-kilometers

- HIGHWAYS: 51,925 km (28,037 mi) total; 17,900 km (9,665 mi) paved, 2,500 km (1,350 mi) gravel, 13,500 km (7,289 mi) improved earth, 18,025 km (9,733 mi) unimproved earth

- PASSENGER CARS: 1,019,000

- INLAND WATERWAYS: 3,500 km (1,890 mi) (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km (3 mi) long (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water

- PIPELINES: crude oil 1,171 km (632 mi); petroleum products 596 km (322 mi); natural gas 460 km (248 mi)

- PORTS: Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta

- SHIP CARGO ENTERED: 23,868,000 tons

- SHIP CARGO CLEARED: 11,309,000 tons

- MERCHANT MARINE: 150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,019,182 GRT/1,499,880 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 86 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 15 roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 15 bulk, 1 container

- CIVIL AIR: 50 major transport aircraft

- AIRPORTS: 92 total, 82 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

- CIVIL AIR TRAFFIC: 5,998,000,000 passenger km flown

- TELECOMMUNICATIONS: system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, 41 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT; 5 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; radio relay to Libya, Israel, and Jordan

- TELEPHONES: 28 per 1000 persons

- TOTAL RADIOS: 16,450,000

- RADIOS: 322 per 1000 persons

- TOTAL TELEVISIONS: 5,000,000

- TELEVISIONS: 97.7 per 1000 persons

TRAVEL IN EGYPT

- REQUIRED DOCUMENTS: Passport and visa required. Transit visa for stay up to 48 hours available. Tourist visa valid 3 months, requires $12 fee (cash or money order), 1 application form and 1 photo. Visa may be issued at airport upon arrival for $20. For business travel need company letter stating purpose of trip. Enclose prepaid envelope for return of passport by certified mail. Proof of yellow fever immunization required if arriving from infected area.

AIDS test required for workers and students staying over 30 days. Register with local authorities or at hotel within 7 days of arrival. Company letter is required for business travel. Travelers must declare foreign currency on Form D on arrival and show Form D and bank receipts upon departure. Maximum Egyptian currency allowed into and out of Egypt is LE20. For additional information consult Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2310 Decatur Pl., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-3903) or nearest Consulate General: CA (415/346-9700), IL (312/443-1190), NY (212/759- 7120) or Houston (713/961-4915).

- HEALTH: Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, polio and hepatitis immunizations recommended. Yellow fever vaccination is required of travelers arriving from infected areas. Be aware of rabies hazards and malaria in some outlying areas. Health requirements change; check latest information.

- U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: Marriott Hotel, P.O. Box 33, Zamalek, Cairo; Tel 340-8888 ext 1541, Fax 340-9482.

- FOREIGN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: U.S.-Egypt Chamber of Commerce, 2277 Van Ness Ave. #203, San Francisco, CA 94101, Tel 415-474-0713; Chicago 312-427-9368; New York, Tel 212-867-2323, Fax 212-697-0465; Houston 713-993-9650; Vienna 703-448-7751.

- TOURIST OFFICES: Egyptian Tourist Authority, 630 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10111, Tel 212-246-6960; 323 Geary St., San Francisco, CA 94102, Tel 415-781-7676.

- WEATHER AND CLOTHING: Dress for hot summers and moderate winters. Modest dress is appropriate.

- TELEPHONE: When direct dialing to Egypt from the U.S., dial 011 (international access code) + 20 [country code] + (city code) + local number.

- TIME: 7 hours ahead of U.S. Eastern Standard Time, and 2 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

- ELECTRIC CURRENT: 220V, 50-CYCLES, AC

- NATIONAL HOLIDAYS: Sham el Nessin (variable); Sinai Liberation Day (Apr 25); Labor Day (May 1); Id al-Fitr (variable); Evacuation Day (Jun 18); National Day - Anniversary of the Revolution (Jul 23); Id al-Adha (variable); Islamic New Year (variable); Armed Forces Day (Oct 6); Mouled al Nabi (variable)

- TOURIST ARRIVALS: 2,112,000

- TOURIST RECEIPTS: $2,029,000,000

- TOURIST ATTRACTIONS: Cairo--boat trips on Nile, nightclubs; Pyramids of Giza, Sphinx, camel rides; Alexandria--beach resort.

- IMPORTANT!! All requirements/recommendations are subject to change. Be sure to check latest information.