Darren Mowrer

Period 3

May 11, 2000

Chapter 32 Outline

The Changing Political Climate

I. The Great Liberation

A. Nationalism and independence

1. Nationalism taken root in Africa, Asia, Middle East in 1930s

2. After W.W.II, Gandhi and other leaders demanded independence

3. At first, colonial powers resisted; but military, financial resources gone

4. Cold War powers condemned imperialism

B. Global impact

1. 100 new countries emerged, such as India, Nepal, Kuwait, Nigeria

2. These new nations are called the "developing world"

a. Tried to modernize and grow economies

b. Tried to set up stable governments

3. These nations joined UN and became voting block

II. The Cold War Goes Global

A. Nonaligned nations

1. Many new nations were nonaligned-not allied to either side of Cold War

2. India was leader--blend democratic government, socialist economy

B. Hot spots

1. Local conflicts in these countries--US and USSR on opposite sides

2. Became "shooting wars" in Korea, Vietnam

C. Cold War ends

1. Cold War ended in 1991 when USSR collapsed--many conflicts resolved

2. Many local, regional, global problems remained

3. Ethnic groups pushed for independence to protect identity-root economy

III. New Nations Seek Stability

A. Ethnic Divisions

1. Borders of countries not follow ethnic lines so no common ideals

2. Colonial rulers had used "divide and conquer" strategy to keep isolated

B. Governments

1. Most wrote democratic constitutions but not able to sustain

2. People not prepared self-rule, often civil war

3. Wealthy, western-educated elite ruled and most stayed poor

4. Poverty led to military or authoritarian leaders took over-dictatorships

5. Democracies made progress in 1980s and 1990s--held elections

IV. The Shrinking Globe

A. The United Nations

1. Played role in decolonization and as a peace keeper

2. Sometimes successful, other times members not agree on goals, methods

3. Inderdependence-connection of goods, resources, knowledge

4. WHO-World Heath Organization-helped wipe out smallpox

B. Other Organizations

1. North American Free Trade Association and Association of Southeast

Asian Nations work to lower trade barriers

2. GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade-establish fair trade

3. Group of Seven-US, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Italy-

Meets annually to discuss economic problems

4. World Bank, IMF-International Monetary Fund make loans to

developing nations

V. Enduring Issues

A. Nuclear weapons

1. 1968, NPT-Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty nations agree to stop

2. 1990, some nations not sure about renewing treaty; 1995 was signed

B. Arms trade

1. Military spending continued to grow

2. Arms dealers take advantage of ethnic conflicts

C. Terrorism

1. Terrorism-deliberate use of random violence, esp. against civilians,

to exact revenge or achieve political goals

2. Focused attention on causes, tried to force governments to give in

3. Some government suspected of "state-sponsored terrorism"

D. Human rights

1. 1948, UN passed Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2. 1975, Hellenski Accords-basic human rights

3. Human rights abuses still exist--world pressure, economic sanctions

4. Some accused West of trying to impose ideas on others-China claims

value community over individual

E. The question of intervention

1. UN Charter forbids any actions that violates independence of nation

2. 1990s, sent peacekeepers to Iraq to protect Kurds

3. But, when Serbs in Bosnia killed Muslims UN not intervene

Global Economic Trends

VI. Global North and South: Two Worlds of Development

A. Rich nations in Global North

1. Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia--in temperate zones

2. Control most of world's wealth-literate, adequate wages, basic health

3. Lower birthrate, higher life expectancy than south

4. Most capitalist-exception socialist Sweden

B. Poor nations of Global South

1. Developing world south of equator-Asia, Africa, Latin America

2. Three-quarters of population and much natural resources

3. Asian "tigers" growth-Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, S. Korea, oil-

rich Middle East

C. Migration

1. Gap between rich and poor nations growing

2. Created resentment and led to migration to wealthier countries

VII. Economic Interdependence

A. Relationship between rich and poor

1. Wealthy invest in poor nations, depend on low paid workers

2. Multinational countries have branches in developing world-Bring

technology to mining, agriculture; aid, loans, technical advisers

3. Poor nations claim rich control economy-control prices, wages

B. The oil crisis

1. 1970s, OPEC halted oil exports and raised prices

2. Other nations realized how dependent were on other nation's oil

C. Debt crisis

1. Developing nations borrowed from western banks at high interest

2. Economy slows, poor nations not repay loans

3. Lender nations wrote off debts, reduced interest, payment plans

4. Debtor nations agreed to free-market policies

5. Many turned from socialism to privatization-short term problems

because social program cut

VIII. Obstacles to Development

A. Geography-small, few resources, bad climate, disease

B. Population and poverty

1. Rapid growth linked to poverty--hard to meet needs of people

2. Population younger--begin looking for work and no jobs

3. Cycle of poverty and hunger-illnesses and death

4. Some tried to slow population-China forces one child policy

C. Economic dependence

1. New nations dependent on colonial rulers

a. Sold agricultural products, raw materials

b. Relied on West for manufactured goods, technology, investment

2. Single crop countries prospered or fell depending on demand

3. Spend resources to repay debt

D. Economic policies

1. Tried socialism to build economic, but no capital to finance growth

2. Some gains, but socialism hindered growth

E. Political instability

1. Civil wars prevented economic development

2. Military dictatorships spent resources on weapons inside of people

3. War created refugees and countries lost workers

IX. Economic Development and the Environment

A. Growing threats

1. Increasing population and Industrial Revolution led to environmental

damage

2. Concerns: strip mining, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, pollution, acid

rain, global warming

B. Industrial Accidents

1. 1986, Chernobyl nuclear power plant exposed to radiation

2. Oil spills, pesticide leaks

X. Protecting the environment

A. Rich nations are greatest consumers and produce much of pollution

B. 1992, Earth Summit-leaders discussed ways to preserve planet

1. Balance economic demands with environment

2. Disagreements over how and who should pay to make changes

Changing Patterns of Life

XI. The village: Continuity and Change

A. Village people largest part of world's population

1. Simple houses, wells, gardens, animals

2. Most in global South with similar patterns

B. Enduring ways

1. Simple life-poor life

2. Kids to school, religion, men manual labor, village square commerce

C. Changing patterns

1. Urbanization, westernization, technology making changes

2. Enrich life, but weaken traditional cultures--young people leave

XII. Old Ways and New

A. Urbanization

1. People in developing world flocked to cities for jobs

2. Offer economic opportunity, concerts, stores, sports

3. Slums develop in cities-drugs, crime, poverty

4. Extended families change to nuclear--kids educated and leave parents

B. Westernization

1. In cities, adopt western fashions, ideas

2. Muslim leaders want modern without westernization, material success

C. Religious influences

1. Major religions shape modern societies

2. Reformers called fundamentalists-stress basic values of religion

3. 1960s, Catholics given more freedom to discuss issues

a. Latin America-liberation theology-adopted but opposed by others

b. Urge church to take role in fighting social conditions, poverty

4. Muslims insist government enforce strict Islamic religious law

XIII. New Rights and Roles for Women

A. Changes after W.W.II

1. UN Charter commit to equal rights for women

2. Right to vote in most European nations, Japan, China, Brazil

3. African nations, when independence usually got right to vote

4. Women headed governments in Britain, Israel, India, Pakistan

5. Still work more hours for less income

B. The West

1. More women worked outside home, access to education

2. 1970s, feminist movement fought for equal rights

3. Problems with balance of work/home--led to divorce

C. Developing nations

1. Women worked in nationalist struggles-gap narrowing

2. Religion and culture keeps women in home, segregated from men

3. Rural areas-work in home and agriculture; men in cities for work

XIV. Science and Technology

A. The computer revolution

1. Information revolution by development of smaller computers

2. Robots in factories, access to info; dependent in labor in developing

countries

3. Access to computers added to gap between global north and south

B. The space age

1. 1957, USSR launched Sputnik, a satellite into orbit

2. 1969, US landed first man on moon

3. Both sent spy satellites into space; now cooperate in space

4. Satellites used to map weather, track droughts, plagues; experiments

C. Medical breakthroughs

1. New antibiotics, vaccines for smallpox; new problems-AIDS,ebola

2. Transplant organs, laser surgery-medicine costly

3. Genetic engineering-controversy and new drug therapies

D. The Green Revolution

1. New technology helped increase food production

2. New kinds of rice, grains; better crop yields-doubled output

3. Required irrigation, chemical fertilizer; not available to poor

E. Enduring issues

1. Expect technology to solve economic, medical, environmental problem

2. Not solved hunger and poverty

3. Created new jobs and others lost

XV. A New International Culture

A. A westernized popular culture

1. US driving force behind global culture

2. US fads, fashions, music, movies, televisions around world

3. Some countries consider a foreign invasion

4. Movies and music from other countries also spread other places

B. The arts

1. For centuries, countries shared styles and ideas

2. 20th century, west gained appreciation for arts of others

C. Preserving ancient cultures

1. Interest in arts made nations realize value of ancient treasures

2. Preserving and restoring temples, palaces, manuscripts, artifacts