Darren Mowrer
Period 3
May 26, 2000
Study Guide
Chapter 32
1. terrorism: Terrorism is the deliberate use of random violence, especially against
civilians, to exact revenge or achieve political goals. They use bombings, kidnappings,
airplane hijackings, and shootings to draw attention to their causes and force
governments to give into their demands. This has been used by militants in Northern
Ireland and by several Middle Eastern groups.
2. privatization: Privatization is the selling off of state-owned industries to private
investors. This is what happened as countries tried to change from socialism to
capitalism. Often the immediate effects were not good for the poor as this change was
made.
3. nonaligned: Nonaligned countries are those that choose not to be allied to either
side in the Cold War. Their goal was for nonaligned countries to reduce world tensions
and promote economic policies that would benefit developing nations. India was the
leader of this movement.
4. miltinational corporation: These are corporations that have branches in many
countries and invest in the developing world. They bring new technology to mining,
agriculture, transportation, and other industries.
5. liberation theology: This idea was developed by Roman Catholic clergy in Latin
America, who urged the Church to take a more active role in opposing the social
conditions that contribute to poverty. Conservative forces in the church opposed
political activities.
6. culture shock: Culture shock is the overwhelming stress and isolation that people
who move from villages to the cities often feel. They end up in urban slums and lose
the support of the extended nuclear family they had in the villages. The children
attended city schools and rejected the values of their parents.
7. acid rain: Acid rain is a form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come
back to the Earth as rain, snow, or hail. It can damage forests, lakes, and farmland,
which it did in industrial Europe and North America. It is caused from gases from
power plants and factories.
8. effects of Cold War: The Cold War created tensions between the United States and
the Soviet Union and the other countries of the world. It led to the build up of the arms
race.
9. Why did democracy fail in many new nations? The people in the new nations were
not prepared for self-government and the changes in what the government offered in the
way of social programs. The borders often included people of many ethnic
backgrounds, which caused divisions and sometimes civil wars or revolution. Most of
the people remained poor and uneducated so they were often controlled by the wealthy,
western-educated elite or one-party dictatorships.
10. Majority of world's wealth controlled by? Most of the world's wealth is controlled
by global North, as well as Japan and Australia. Most of the people are literate, earn
good wages, and have basic health care.
11. Effect of urbanization in developing nations: As people came to the cities for jobs,
crowded slums developed with poor conditions and health care. This also led to drugs
and crime. Extended families were disrupted and children rejected the parent's cultural
values.
12. Factories effect on environmental damage: The emissions from factories, dumping
of waste, leeching of pesticide into ground water, and the release of CFCs have
potentially caused the thinning of the ozone layer leading to global warming, acid rain,
and human diseases.
13. Factors contributing to political instability in African nations: The African people
were usually uneducated, poor, and from many tribes with many different traditions,
languages, and ethnic identities. When nations were formed the people had nothing to
unite them and this created civil wars and revolutions.
14. Primary cause of global interdependence: Transportation and communication
systems have made the world increasingly dependent on each other for goods,
resources, and knowledge. These political, economic, cultural links have created both
problems and opportunities.
15. global South: The global South refers to the developing world, in the zone between
the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This area
contains three-quarters of the world's population and much of its natural resources, but
most of the people are poor.
16. modern technology: Technology since World War II has done much to change
human life. The changes in communication have led to a global community for
exchange of information, knowledge, and trade. Improved energy resources have
helped industrialize the world; computers have linked businesses and governments;
medical breakthroughs and exploration of space have improved life. New technology
helped improved agricultural output.
Chapter 33
1. welfare state: The welfare state is a system in which the government takes
responsibility for its citizens' social and economic needs. Extending the welfare state
was the goal of the leftist parties in many countries. In Western Europe, the
government attempted to have a capitalist economy but expand the welfare state by
addressing child labor, regulated mine safety, education, unemployment insurance, and
old age pensions.
2. glasnost: This new policy of openness was started by Gorbachev. He encouraged
people to discuss publicly the country's problems, in the hope of reform.
3. dissident: Dissidents are those who speak out against a government. In the USSR,
Brezhnev opposed and suppressed dissidents. They faced arrest and imprisonment or
were locked away in insane asylums.
4. deficit: The deficit is the gap between what the government spends and what it
takes in through taxes and other sources. In the US, conservatives try to limit
government spending to reduce the deficit.
5. detente: Detente means a relaxation of tensions. This is what happened in the
1970's between America and the Soviet Union. It brought new agreements to reduce
nuclear stockpiles, but it was compromised by the Soviet Union's invasion of
Afghanistan in 1979.
6. Leonid Brezhnev: After Krushchev's removal from office in 1962, Brezhnev became
the new Soviet leader and stayed in power until his death in 1982. He suppressed
dissidents by arresting and imprisoning them.
7. Charles de Gaulle: General DeGaulle led the Free French during the World War II.
In 1958, he set up the Fifth Republic and became president with great power. He was a
strong nationalist, but realized he must give up Algeria in 1962. He forged new ties
with West Germany, developed nuclear power, and opposed the Cold War.
8. Martin Luther King Jr.: King emerged as a gifted preacher in 1956 and became a
strong leader of the a civil rights movement. He was inspired by Gandhi's campaign of
civil disobedience in India.
9. Joseph McCarthy: Senator McCarthy and his committee charged many Americans
with being sympathetic to communist ideas. Government probes produced very little
proof. Later, the Senate condemned McCarthy's reckless behavior, but not before his
charges had ruined the lives of many Americans.
10. Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister Thatcher, led the welfare rollback. Thatcher
worked to replace government social and economic programs with what she called
"enterprise culture" that promoted individual initiative.
11. perestroika: Perestroika was the term for the restructuring of the government and
the economy in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev tried to streamline the government and
reduce the size of the bureaucracy. He backed some free-market ideas but kept the
essence of communism.
12. service industry: A service industry is one that provides a service rather than a
product. This includes health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation. New jobs
were created in this area in the West.
13. Mikhail Gorbachev: In 1985, Gorbachev tried to reform the inefficiencies in
government and the economy. He tried to end the Cold War tensions by signing arms
control treaties and pulled out of Afghanistan. He implemented "glasnost" and
"perestroika." Gorbachev resigned as president in 1991 as more republics became
independent and the USSR ceased to exist.
14. Helmut Kohl: Kohl was the West German chancellor who was the architect of
unity with East Germany. He assured the USSR and the West that a united Germany
would pose no threat to peace. In 1990, German voters approved reunification, and
Kohl became chancellor of a united Germany.
15. Nikita Krushchev: Krushchev was the Soviet leader in the late 1950s. He
denounced Stalin's abuse of power but did not change Soviet goals. He encouraged a
thaw in the Cold War, but invaded Hungary when they tried to revolt.
16. Josip Tito: Tito was a guerrilla leader in Yugoslavia during World War II. He set
up a communist government in Yugoslavia but tried to be independent of Moscow. He
refused to join the Warsaw Pact and claimed to be neutral.
17. Lech Walesa: Walesa led the shipyard workers in the port of Gdansk, Poland, in
their early 1980s revolt against the Polish government. He organized an independent
trade union called Solidarity which fought for political change. Walesa was arrested,
but he was later elected president when Gorbachev stopped interfering with Poland.
18. Reunification of Germany: Willy Brandt, West German chancellor in the 1970s
tried to ease tensions between the East and West with his "eastern policy." He kept
ties with the West, but also signed treaties with the USSR. He opened economic doors
with Eastern Europe, but his goal of reunification was not realistic during the Cold
War. In 1989, the decline of communism meant that the Soviets did not use their
power to keep communist leaders in control. The Berlin Wall was dismantled, the
voters approved reunification, and Helmut Kohl was made chancellor of a united
Germany.
19. Goal of separatism in Quebec: The French-speaking population does not feel
connected to the rest of Canada. They believe they have a distinct society because of
their different language, culture, and religion. They have tried to gain more autonomy
within Canada. Government leaders tried to meet their demands, but other provinces
did not like the idea of Quebec getting special treatment. Some people in Quebec
wanted to become completely independent from Canada.
20. Result of central economic planning in Soviet Union: Central planning made the
Soviet economy very inefficient and the products inferior. The collectivized agriculture
was so unproductive that the Soviet Union had to import grain to feed its people. A
huge bureaucracy, rather than supply and demand, decided what to produce, how much
and for whom. Planners in Moscow had little knowledge of local conditions and there
was little organization between the suppliers and the factories.
21. Civil war in Yugoslavia: There are three main ethnic groups in Yugoslavia-Croats,
Serbs, and Muslims, each with their own religion and traditions. They all spoke the
same language. After the fall of communism, nationalism fed by extremists, such as
Serb leader Slobodan Milosevic, stirred ethnic unrest for their own ends. Croats
created the separate countries of Croat and Slovenia. A new nation called Bosnia-
Herzegovina was formed, and Serbia and Montenegro kept the name Yugoslavia.
Bosnia was independent but it was still divided. Serbs got money from Serbia and took
over more and more of Bosnia. They practiced ethnic cleansing and forced hundreds of
thousands of Bosnia's to become refugees.