Darren Mowrer
Period 3
April 26, 2000



CHAPTER 31 OUTLINE
WORLD WAR II AND ITS AFTERMATH


Aggression, Appeasement, and War

I. Early Challenges to World Peace
A. Different approaches to peace
1. Dictators in Italy, Germany and militarists in Japan looked for power
2. Western democracies tried to avoid conflict through diplomacy
B. Japan on the move to gain strong empire
1. Japan seized Manchuria in 1931
2. League of Nations condemned so Japan withdrew
3. In 1937, armies overran much of eastern China
C. Italy invades Ethiopia
1. Mussolini used new military methods to build empire
2. 1935, invaded Ethiopia--not resist with outdated weapons
3. Haile Selassie asked League of Nations for help
a. League voted sanctions, penalties, for violating international
law
b. Members stopped selling weapons to Italy, but not enforced
D. Hitler's challenge
1. Built German military in defiance of Versailles treaty
2. 1936, sent troops to Rhineland, a "demilitarized" zone
3. Western democracies denounced him, but appeased him to keep peace
E. Why appeasement?
1. France demoralized and needed British support if trouble
2. Britons wanted peace and some thought treaty too harsh
3. Some saw Hitler as defense against communism
4. Depression took focus and energy of west
5. Pacifism, opposition to all war, common since WWI
F. Reaction in the US
1. Congress passed neutrality acts in 1930s
2. Goal to not be involved in European conflict, not prevent it
G. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
1. Germany, Italy, Japan formed alliance
2. Agreed to fight Soviet communism, not interfere with expansion

II. The Spanish Civil War
A. From monarchy to republic
1. 1920s, Spain a monarchy dominated by landowning upper class,
Catholic
church, and military
2. Most poor peasants or urban workers
3. 1931, unrest forced king to leave Spain
4. Republic set up with constitution
a. Took some church lands, ended church control of education
b. Redistributed lands to peasants
c. Gave women the vote, ended some privileges of ruling class
5. These actions divided people--battles between right and left
B. Nationalists versus Loyalists
1. 1936, right-wing general, Francisco Franco, led revolt to civil war
2. Nationalists rallied conservatives to them and Franco
3. Loyalists, supporters of republic, included communists,
socialists, more
4. Europe took sides
a. Hitler and Mussolini sent troops to help Franco
b. Soviet Union and few westerners supported Loyalists
c. Britain, France, US stayed neutral
C. A dress rehearsal
1. Atrocities on both sides took 1 million lives
2. Nazi leaders attack on Guernica was testing of new planes
3. 1939, Franco won and created fascist dictatorship-ended all
reform

III. German Aggression continues
A. Austria annexed
1. Hitler's goal to unite all German-speaking peoples so needed space
2. 1938, Hitler ready to unite Austria and Germany into Anschluss
a. Forced leaders to appoint Nazis to cabinet posts
b. Sent army to keep peace when disagreed with demands
3. Anschluss violated Versailles treaty, but problems stopped
B. Czech crisis-a democracy in Europe
1. Hitler demanded 3 million Germans in Czechoslovakia given autonomy
2. Britain, France not willing for war; Hitler demanded annexation
3. Munich Conference, 1938, leaders chose appeasement to settle
C. "Peace for our time"
1. Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister, claimed got "peace"
2. Edouard Daladier realized cheering crowds were fools
3. Churchill thought leaders chosen "dishonor" so would get "war"

IV. The Plunge Toward War
A. Munich did not prevent war
1. March 1939, Hitler broke promise and took over Czechoslovakia
2. Democracies realized the treat of Hitler
B. Nazi-Soviet Pact
1. August 1939, Hitler announced pact with Stalin
a. Publicly, announced peaceful relations
b. Secretly, not fight if other goes to war and divide up
Poland, others
2. Pact based on mutual need--not want fight other and west
3. Stalin needed time to build army; saw territorial gains
C. Invasion of Poland
1. Sept 1939, Germany invaded Poland; Britain, France declared war
2. No joy at news as had been for WWI

V. Why War Came
A. Aggression of Axis powers, appeasement by West, revise 1919 peace
treaty
B. Democracies hoped diplomacy would be successful; distracted by
problems
at home; misinterrupted Hitler's intentions
C. Some historians think Hitler could have been stopped in 1936


The Global Conflict: Axis Advances

VI. The First Onslaught
A. Sept 1939, German's blitzkrieg-lightning war-showed enormous power
1. Germany attacked from west; Soviet from east--within month
Poland
gone
2. Soviet spent winter attacking Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, part
of Finland
B. Early Axis triumphs
1. Britain, France stayed behind Maginot Line-"phony war"
2. April 1940, Hitler attack Norway, Denmark--soon fell
3. Next, Belgium and Netherlands overthrown


C. Miracle of Dunkirk
1. British forces trapped so sent every vessel to rescue troops
2. Raised British morale
D. France falls
1. German troops headed to Paris
2. Italy declared war on France and attacked from south
3. France surrendered and signed papers in same WWI train
4. French officers called "free French", led by DeGaulle, tried to
liberate
country
E. The technology of modern warfare
1. Air power dominant, Luftwaffe, bombed civilian and military
2. Armored tanks and troop carriers
3. Greater destructive power

VII. The Battle of Britain
A. Churchill, British prime minister, tallied Britain to fight on so
Hitler
ordered Operation Sea Lion-invade Britain and weaken air power
B. The battle begins
1. August 1940, German bombers on coast and RAF fought in air
2. Battled for month until Germany started bombing cities
C. The London blitz
1. Bombed London for 57 nights, destroyed much of city, 15,000 died
2. City not give up, morale stronger in desire to beat enemy
D. German defeat
1. June 1941 stopped Operation Sea Lion against Britain
2. Hitler decided to invade Russia-saved Britain, be a mistake
for German

VIII. Charging Ahead
A. Axis armies invaded North Africa and Balkans
1. Hitler sent Rommel, "Desert Fox" to North Africa
2. Rommel pushed Britain back but not lose control of Suez Canal
B. Italian forces invaded Greece
1. Germany came to rescue, Greece and Yugoslavia conquered
2. Bulgaria and Hungary joined Axis alliance

IX. Operation Barbarossa
A. Hitler's conquest of Soviet Union
1. Wanted living space for Germans and gain resources
2. Wanted to crush communism and defeat Stalin
B. The German advance
1. 3 million soldiers caught Stalin unprepared--problems at home
2. Russia lost 2.5 million soldiers, plus destroyed crops, homes
3. German drive stalled in Russia's winter
C. Siege of Leningrad
1. Food rationed, ate anything to stay alive
2. Over million died during siege
3. Stalin begged Britain for helped, agreed to work, but not much help

X. Growing American Involvement
A. The arsenal of democracy
1. US declared neutrality but sympathy with countries invaded
2. 1941, Congress passed Lend Lease, could lend to countries in need
B. Atlantic Charter
1. Aug 1941, FDR and Churchill met in secret to set goals for post-war
2. Destruction of Hitler, support autonomy for people to rule selves

XI. Japan Attacks
A. Japan had been trying to conquer lands for years so saw European
war as
chance to get resources for Chinese war
B. Growing Tensions
1. Japan invaded French-Indochina and Dutch East Indies
2. US banned sale of war materials to Japan-made angry
C. Attack on Pearl Harbor
1. General Tojo ordered surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
2. FDR asked Congress to declare on Japan; allies declared war on US
D. Japanese victories
1. European and US possessions in Pacific fell to Japanese
2. By early 1942, Japanese territory reached Southeast Asia to
Western
Pacific Ocean


The Global Conflicts: Allied Success

XII. Occupied Lands
A. Nazi Europe
1. Hitler's new order based on plan to rid of Slavs and make room for
Aryans
2. Countries used for resources to fight war; revenge on all enemies
B. Nazi Genocide
1. Hitler's program to kill Jews, gypsies, Slavs, mentally ill
2. Forced to live in ghettos until Final Solution--death camps for
Jews
3. More than 6 million Jews killed in Holocaust
4. Some protected Jews, others collaborated with Nazis, or pretended
not to notice
C. The Co-Prosperity Sphere
1. Japan claimed to be anti-imperialist:Asians for Asia as propaganda
2. True goal-Japanese empire
3. Brutality, destruction of crops, torturing civilians, made slaves

XIII. The Allied War Effort
A. The Big Three-Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
1. Met to plan war-finish Europe before Japan
2. Each not trust others motives-imperialism, stop communism
B. Total war
1. Countries committed to war-factories made only tanks, planes,
etc
2. Consumer goods rationed, prices regulated--ended depression
3. Limited rights-censored press, internment camps
C. Women help win the war
1. Took essential jobs-built ships, planes, munitions
2. Served in military-office jobs, driving, decoding
3. Active in resistance movement in France

XIV. Turning Points
A. El Alamein, 1942
1. In Egypt, British under General Montgomery stopped Rommel
2. Drove forces back across Libya into Tunisia
3. Eisenhower took command of Anglo-American force in Morocco,
joined with British to trap Rommel--surrendered
B. Invasion of Italy, 1943
1. Defeated Italian forces in July 1943
2. Italians overthrew Mussolini--new government signed armistice
3. German troops came to rescue Mussolini-fought over 18 months
4. Weakened German forces by splitting




XV. The Red Army Resists
A. Stalingrad
1. Germans stalled outside Moscow and Leningrad
2. In 1942, Hitler try attack oil fields but stalled in Stalingrad
3. Hitler and Stalin both determined to control city
4. Trapped, frozen, hungry--Germany surrendered; lost 300,000
B. Counterattack
1. Red Army on offensive-lifted siege of Leningrad, drove invaders
out
2. Hitler's forces lost troops and equipment
3. Soviet troops advancing into Eastern Europe

XVI. Invasion of France
A. Allied leaders, led by Eisenhower, plan invasion
1. Bombers targeted German factories, aircrafts, cities
2. June 6, 1944--D-Day--landed in Normandy, toward Paris
B. French resistance rose up against Germans
1. Germans retreated
2. August 25, Allies entered Paris--in month all of France free


Toward Victory

XVII. War in the Pacific
A. Battles of Coral Sea and Midway
1. US damaged Japanese fleets, weakened naval power
2. War at sea and in jungle islands
B. Island Hopping Campaign
1. MacArthur landed in Guadalcanal in Solomon Islands
2. Captured islands stepping stones to next objective, toward Japan
3. Built air bases, blockaded Japan
4. 1944, MacArthur started to recapture Philippines
5. British in jungles of Burma and Malaya

XVIII. The Nazis Defeated
A. Battle of the Bulge
1. Allies advanced into Belgium in Dec, 1944
2. Hitler massive counterattack-huge losses on both sides-last
success



B. The air war
1. Germany suffering from two years of bombing
2. By 1945, not defend self...Hamburg and Dresden destroyed
C. On to Berlin
1. Allies and Russia attacked from both sides
2. Guerrillas captured and executed Mussolini in Italy
3. Hitler committed suicide in underground bunker
4. May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered..V-E Day proclaimed

XIX. Defeat of Japan
A. Invasion versus the bomb
1. Officials estimated million or more casualties if invasion
2. Battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa showed Japan fight to death
3. Kamikaza pilots flew suicide missions-crash planes loaded with
explosives in American warships
4. Scientists test first atomic bomb in New Mexico
5. President Truman decided to use bomb instead of invasion
B. Hiroshima-August 6, 1945
1. Destroyed city, killed 70,000 people instantly, more from
radiation
2. Japan not surrender-bombed Nagasaki-killing 40,000
3. Russia invaded Manchuria
4. August 10, Emperor Hirohito forced government to surrender
5. Peace treaty signed on battleship Missouri
C. Ongoing controversy
1. Debate over dropping of bomb to end the war
2. Truman convinced Japan not surrender unless huge losses
3. American occupied Japan
4. French, British, American, Russian zones in Germany's empire


From World War to Cold War

XX. Aftermath of War
A. War killed 75 million people worldwide--military and civilian
B. Horrors of Holocaust
1. Allies saw first-hand the concentration camps
2. Hoess admitted killing 2.5 million people in Auschwitz


C. War crimes trials
1. Trials held in Nuremberg, Germany against Nazis
2. Other trials held in Japan and Italy to hold accountable for
actions
D. Allied occupations
1. Questions arose why people allowed Hitler to commit atrocities
2. US felt strengthening democracy would protect rights

XXI. The United Nations
A. Chartered in 1945 with 50 nations
1. Goal to keep peace in world
2. Greater role than League of Nations
B. General Assembly and Security Council make up
1. Veto power can cause and create problems
2. Expanded to include help for developing nations

XXII. The Crumbling Alliance
A. Growing differences
1. US and Soviet Union became the super powers of the time
2. Conflicting ideology and distrust led to Cold War-tension
without
war
3. Eastern Europe was topic of disagreement
B. Origins of the Cold War
1. Stalin's goals-spread communism and create buffer against
Germany
2. Tried to get West to accept Soviet influences in E. Europe
3. Stalin ignored pledge to hold free elections in E. Europe
4. Installed pro-Soviet communist governments
C. An Iron Curtain
1. Churchill not trusted Stalin
2. Divided Europe into Eastern and Western blocks

XXIII. Containing Communism
A. Truman Doctrine
1. Not isolationist as after WWI-took active role in supporting
allies
2. Guide US for decades-resist Soviet expansion
3. Sent military, economic advisors to countries threatened by
Soviets
4. Goal-contain to where already was, communism destroy self


B. The Marshall Plan
1. Poverty and hunger made European countries prime for communism
2. US sent food and aid to help countries rebuild
3. Stalin forbid E. European countries to accept US aid
C. Divisions in Germany
1. Russia dismantled factories in its zone to use to rebuild
Russia
2. Soviets feared restored Germany, but Allies united zones
3. West Germany-democratic nation, Allies let set up own
government
4. East Germany-Soviet Union set up communist government
D. Berlin airlift
1. Berlin occupied by all four Allies even though in Soviet zone
2. 1948, Stalin tried to force Allies out by sealing off
transportation
3. West ran airlift for year to get supplies to West
Berlin-Soviet gave in
E. Military alliances
1. NATO formed-US, Canada, nine W. European nations-support
2. Warsaw Pact-USSR, seven satellite states in E. Europe
F. The arms race
1. Each side armed itself in case of attack
2. At first, US had advantage with atomic bomb
3. Stalin's scientists developed bomb
4. Both sides continued to develop delivery systems, other
weapons
G. The propaganda war
1. US defended capitalism and democracy, against communism
2. Soviets spoke of western imperialism
H. Looking ahead
1. Cold War lasted 40 years and fueled crises around world
2. Drain resources of both countries
3. Small war broke out on both sides and new weapons developed