Darren Mowrer

Period 3

February 10, 2000

Chapter 27 Outline

World War I and Its Aftermath

The Stage is Set

I. Pressure for Peace

A. Efforts to encourage peace

1. Alfred Nobel set up Nobel Peace Prize

2. Woman's suffrage in Europe supported peace

a. Aletta Jacobs, first woman doctor in Netherlands, said women voters

could prevent wars

b. Woman's International League for Peace and Freedom

3. Governments backed peace

a. First Universal Peace Conference

b. Hague Tribunal, world court to settle disputes

II. Aggressive Nationalism

A. Alsace and Lorraine

1. Germany proud of military power and industry

2. France wanted to regain position of power

3. France resented German occupation of Alsace and Lorraine

B. Pan-Slavism

1. Russia sponsored form of nationalism called Pan-Slavism, idea that all

Slavic people shared a common nationality

2. Wanted to support Serbia against other threats

C. Crises in the Balkans

1. Austria-Hungary feared rebellion among minority populations

2. Ottoman Turkey threatened by new nations-Serbia and Greece

3. 1912, Balkan states attacked Turkey and fought over spoils of war

III. Economic and Imperial Rivalries

A. Britain felt threatened by Germany's rapid economic growth

B. Germany thought other nations not respect

C. Competition for colonies brought France and Germany close to war

1. Germany wanted to keep France from controlling Morocco

2. Germany gained some territory in central Africa

3. Britain and France began to form ties against Germany

IV. Militarism and the Arms Race

A. Rise of militarism-glorification of military-in late 1800s

1. Readiness for war dominated national policy

2. War painted as romantic ideal

3. Grew out of Social Darwinism-"survival of the fittest"

B. The arms race developed as tensions grew

1. Naval rivalry between Britain and Germany fierce

2. Germany tried to keep up with Britain's navy and new spending

C. Fear of war gave military leaders more influence and respect

V. A Tangle of Alliances

A. The Central Powers

1. Bismarck in Germany signed treaties with Austria-Hungary and Russia

2. 1882, formed Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy

3. Treaty with Russia lapsed under Kaiser William II

B. The Allies

1. 1894, France and Russia signed an alliance

2. 1904, France and Britain singed a "friendly understanding"

3. Britain later signed a similar agreement with Russia

C. Consequences--other nations drawn into treaties

1. Germany signed treaty with Ottoman empire

2. Britain drew close to Japan

3. Not ease tensions, but make nations nervous

The Guns of August

VI. A Murder with Millions of Victims

A. Serbs angry that Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry visiting

1. Gavrilo Princip joined Unity or Death, or Black Hand

2. Vowed to organize South Slav peoples into one nation

B. The Victims

1. Ferdinand took Sophie Chotek with him to Sarajevo for anniversary

2. Ferdinand not support democracy and ignored warnings about travel

C. Murder in Sarajevo

1. Bomb attempts early in day injured officer

2. Later in day, Princip shot Ferdinand and Sophie

3. Princip not executed due to age-died in prison

VII. Peace Unravels

A. Harsh Ultimatum

1. Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph, blamed Serbia for deaths

2. Austria ordered Serbia to end all anti-Austria agitation and allow

Austria to help investigate murder

3. Serbia agreed to most, but not all, of the terms

4. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28

B. Capital to capital

1. Notes from capital to capital kept it from being a small "summer war"

2. Austria had full support of Germany in war against Serbia

3. Serbia asked Russia for help

a. Nicholas II asked kaiser to soften its demands

b. When refused, Russia began to mobilize military forces

c. Germany declared war on Russia

4. Russia appealed to its ally France--France supported--Germany war on

France

C. The Schlieffen Plan in Germany

1. Schlieffen Plan to avoid two-front war: defeat France quickly, then

fight Russia

a. Required armies to march through Belgium, then south behind lines

b. August 3, Germany invaded Belgium which was neutral

2. Britain's decision about the war decided by Germany--declared war

VIII. Whose Fault?

A. Each side believed its cause was just

1. Austria wanted to punish Serbia for encouraging terrorism

2. Germany felt it must support its ally, Austria

3. Russia saw Austria's ultimatum as effort to oppress Slavic peoples

4. France feared if not support Russia have to face Germany alone later

5. Britain felt committed to protect Belgium, feared Germany

B. Most citizens supported actions, rushed to enlist and fight

A New Kind of Conflict

IX. The Western Front

A. Battle Plans

1. German forces through Belgium, violated Schlieffen Plan since Russia

mobilized more quickly than expected

2. Russia won few small victories in Prussia, Germany sent troops

3. Germany weakened so when Britain arrived in France, Germany stalled

4. Dug in for winter, but stayed same for four years

B. Trench warfare

1. Armies into trenches from Swiss frontier to English Channel

2. Underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, gun

emplacements

3. "No man's land" between the trenches was for the battles--little results

C. Costly battles

1. 1916, both sides launched offensives to break stalemate

2. Germany tried to overwhelm the French at Verdun--French held but

half-million casualties on both sides

3. Allies attacked at Somme River--over 1 million dead with no gains

D. A war of machines

1. Modern weapons added to the destructiveness--first mechanized war

2. Automatic machine gun--few soldiers kill many, made hard to advance

3. Tank--replaced cavalry, protected troops as advanced

4. Submarine--underwater ship that launched torpedoes, destroy shipping

5. Airplane--"Aces" fought in combat, observation

6. Poison gas, mask--Lobbed into trenched, killing or disabling troops

X. Other European Fronts

A. Disasters for Russia

1. 1914, Russia had horrible defeat at Tannenberg and retreated

2. Later battles fought on Russian soil

3. Russia least industrialized so not as prepared for war

B. War in Southeastern Europe

1. 1915, Bulgaria joined Central Powers and helped crush its rival Serbia

2. Italy joined Allies to gain Austrian-ruled lands inhabited by Italians

3. Caporetto a disastrous battle for Italy

XI. The War Beyond Europe

A. War and the colonies

1. Allies overran German colonies in Africa and Asia

2. Canada, New Zealand, Australia sent aid to Britain

3. Colonial recruits from India and West Africa fought in Europe

B. Non-European powers

1. Ottoman empire joined Central Powers in 1914

a. Turks closed off allied ships from Dardanelles

b. Allies sent troops to open up the strait

2. Battle of Gallipoli

a. Turkish troops trapped allies on beaches for 10 months

b. After 200,00 casualties, Allies withdrew

3. Japan seized German outposts in China and the Pacific

Winning the War

XII. Effects of the Stalemate

A. Total War required

1. Mechanized war required total commitment of whole society

2. All a nation's resources go into war effort

B. Economic Impact

1. All nations, except Britain, imposed a "draft" requiring all men to serve

2. Raised taxes, borrowed money to finance war

3. Rationed food, products; economic controls-setting prices, forbid strike

C. Propaganda war

1. Government controlled information about the war and public opinion

2. Both sides spread ideas to cause or damage the opposing cause

XIII. Women at War

A. Woman supported war at home

1. Holding jobs men had and in war industries; kept economy going

2. Women's Land Army grew food when shortages happened

B. At the front

1. Military nurses served at the front

2. Edith Cavell, British nurse, ran Red Cross hospital

a. Helped Allied prisoners escape from Belgium

b. Shot as a spy by Germans

C. Looking ahead

1. Women proved they were not too delicate for demanding jobs

2. Contribution and confidence in themselves helped get the vote

XIV. Collapsing Morale

A. Both sides suffering from poor morale by 1917

1. Germany sending 15 year olds to the front

2. Britain near bankruptcy

3. Both sides had food shortages, lots of casualties, and few victories

4. Some soldiers mutinied

a. In Italy, soldiers deserted after defeat at Caporetto

b. In Russia, soldiers left to fight the revolution at home

B. Revolution in Russia

1. 1917, bread riots in St. Petersburg led to revolution

2. Allies hoped Russia be democratic, but Lenin promised to pull troops

3. Lenin signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany--Russia out of war

C. Impact on the war

1. With Russia out, Germany concentrate on Western Front

2. Spring 1918, Central Powers hoped victory would come soon

XV. The United States Declares War

A. Unrestricted submarine warfare

1. Germany attacked merchant and passenger ships carrying Americans

2. Wilson insisted, as neutral country, Americans should be safe

3. May 1915, Germany attacked British liner Lusitania

a. Killed 1200, including 128 Americans

b. Germany claimed ship carrying weapons

4. Wilson threatened to cut off relations with Germany

a. Germany agreed to war to allow neutral passengers to escape

b. 1917, Germany began unrestricted submarine attacks

B. Cultural ties

1. Americans felt ties of language and culture to Britain

2. Sympathetic to another democracy, France

3. Some German and Irish Americans favored Central Powers

4. Russian Jewish immigrants not want to be allied with czar

C. Zimmerman note

1. 1917, British intercepted note from Zimmerman, German foreign

minister, to ambassador in Mexico

2. Promised if Mexico help with war, help recapture territory in US

3. Britain told US, revealed to public, strong anti-German feeling

D. "The Yanks are coming"

1. April 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war

2. By 1918, 2 million soldiers arrived at Western Front

3. Gave Allied troops a much-needed morale boost and financial aid

E. The Fourteen Points

1. Wilson hoped to be peacemaker by issuing his terms for ending war

2. End to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms

3. Favored self-determination of peoples of Eastern Europe

4. Recommended forming "general association of nations" to keep peace

XVI. Campaign to Victory

A. Final showdown in early 1918

1. Germans launched offensive that pushed allies back 40 miles

2. Allies counterattacked and drove back across France and Belgium

3. German generals told kaiser that war could not be won

B. German people frustrated and uprisings among hungry city dwellers

1. German commanders advised kaiser to step down as czar had done

2. William II into exile in Netherlands

C. Austria-Hungary near collapse, ethics revolted, split Hapsburgs

D. New German government sought armistice-11am on November 11, 1918

Making the Peace

XVII. The Costs of War

A. Casualties

1. More than 8.5 million dead

2. Double that many handicapped for life

3. Famine in many regions

4. Influenza epidemic killed 20 million around world

B. Financial burdens

1. In battle zones, homes, factories, churches, roads destroyed

2. Rebuilding and paying war debts was great burden

3. Allies insisted foes make reparations-payments for damage

4. Central Powers saw armistice as cease-fire, not surrender

C. Political turmoil

1. Governments collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary,

Ottoman empire

2. Radicals dreamed of building new social order from chaos

3. Conservatives warned about spread of communism

4. Colonies realized imperil powers not as invincible as seemed

XVIII. The Paris Peace Conference

A. Woodrow Wilson seemed a symbol of hope

1. People hoped for democracy and lasting peace

2. In Paris, crowds cheered him, banner "Honor to Wilson the Just"

B. The Big Three at Paris Peace Conference

1. Wilson-dedicated reformed, unbending, Fourteen Points

2. David Lloyd George, British prime minister

a. British wanted harsh treatment for Germany

b. Goal to make Britain "fit for heroes"--expensive

3. Georges Clemenceau, French leader, "the Tiger"

a. Goal to weaken Germany so never threaten France

b. Opposed to Fourteen Points

C. Difficult issues

1. Many interest groups tried to be heard

2. Secret agreements made by allies during war-Italy wanted lands

ruled by Austria-Hungary-violated self-determination

3. Self-determination impossible--groups claimed same areas

4. Wilson compromised on Fourteen Points, insisted on League of

Nations to guarantee peace in future

XIV. The Treaty of Versailles, June 1919

A. Leaders of new German Republic came of palace of Versailles to sign

treaty

B. Treaty provisions

1. Germany claim blame for war

2. Germany pay reparations for war, pensions for soldiers-$30 billion

3. Limited size of German military

4. Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France, other lands given away

5. Germany stripped of overseas colonies

C. Great resentment of treaty by Germany poison international climate

XX. Other Settlements

A. Self-determination in action

1. New Baltic states-Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia

2. Poland regained independence

3. In place of Hapsburgs-Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary

4. In Balkans, a new Slav state, Yugoslavia, dominated by Serbia

B. Mandate system

1. European colonies hoped their fighting in war would give respects

2. Self-determination only applied to Europe

3. Allies added to their overseas empires by creating mandates, or

territories administered by western powers

a. Britain and France controlled German colonies in Africa and

Ottoman lands in Middle East

b. Mandates were to be held until modernizes and able to "stand alone"

But, became European colonies

C. Unfulfilled goals

1. Italy angry not get all lands promised in secret treaty with Allies

2. Japan mad western nations not recognize claims in China

3. China forced to accept Japanese control of some German holdings

4. Russia mad about nations created from their control, free Poland

XXI. Hopes for Global Peace

A. League of Nations was hope since treaty caused unhappiness

1. Forty nations joined and agreed to negotiate

2. Members agreed to take common action against aggressor states

B. US Senate never ratified the treaty or joined the league