Darren Mowrer

Period 3

March 23, 2000

Chapter 29

1. Apartheid: Apartheid is the imposed system of racial segregation in South

Africa. The goal was to ensure while economic and political power. Better paying

jobs were restricted to whites only.

2. Civil disobedience: Civil disobedience is the refusal of a person or group of

people to obey laws they believe are unjust. This idea of nonviolent revolt came

from Henry David Thoreau, and influenced Gandhi's dealing in India. It was later

used in the civil rights movement in the US.

3. Diego Rivera: Rivera was painter from Mexico who painted murals that told the

history of Mexico. He studied in Europe, and then returned home to paint in a new

bold style that was similar to Mexican folt art.

4. Hirohito: He reigned as emperor in Japan from 1926 to 1989. He ruled during

World War I and World War II. During his reign, Japan moved toward some

democracy and also expanded into other countries.

5. Jiang Jieshi: Also known as Chiang Kai-Shek, Jiang took over the Guomindang

after the death of Sun Yixian in 1925. He was determined to reunite China so he

marched to stop the warlords. He had support of the landlords and business leaders,

but the Communist Party was gaining converts in the cities. Jiang ordered thousands

of Communists executed, which to more battle between the "Red bandits" and Jiang.

6. Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Jinnah was an Indian of the Muslim faith in the 1930s.

He became the leader of the Muslim League and represented the Muslim interests

within the Congress party. He later fought for a separate Muslim state that would be

called Pakistan.

7. Nationalization: Nationalization is a government takeover of natural resources or

property. In Mexico, under Venustiano Carranza in 1917, the government took over

the resources and the property of the church and large estates.

8. "Pancho" Villa: During a time of civil war and power struggles in Mexico during

the early 1900s, "Panco" Villa led the rebels from the north. He fought mostly for

personal power, but his peasant followers were very loyal.

9. Cause of the 1910 Mexican Revolution: The underlying cause was the

discontent of the peasants and factory workers who lived in poverty and saw the

landowners and businessmen get wealthy. The middle-class liberals who wanted

democracy also opposed the rule of the dictator Porfirio Diaz. When Madero, a

liberal reformer, demanded free elections and was imprisoned by Diaz the

revolution began.

10. Pan-Africanism: Pan-Africanism was a movement in the 1920s that emphasized

the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. One of its

leaders was Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, who preached "Africa for Africans" and

demanded an end to colonial rule.

11. Mandate System in Middle East: At the end of World War I, the Paris Peace

Conference established territories administered by European nations called

mandates. The Arab people felt betrayed because they had helped the Allies during

the war and been promised independence. Instead their lands were given to France

and Britain. This led to anger and unrest in the area.

12. Great Salt March: The British had a monopoly on the production and sale of

salt in India. Even natural salt in the seas could not be used by the people, and they

were taxed when they bought the salt from the government. In 1930, Gandhi and 78

followers began a 240-mile march to the sea. When they arrived, Gandhi picked up

salt and was jailed. Thousands of others did the same and were jailed. The British

were embarrassed by the attention this got around the world, and it led to the

granting of more democratic power to the Indians.

13. May Fourth Movement: On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing

and spread to cities across China. They were angry that some Chinese lands had

been given to Japan, but it was also a cultural and intellectual movement. It

involved the disagreements between those who wanted western reform and those

who wanted to stay with the traditional ways.

14. Effect of the Great Depression in Japan: The Depression was devasting in

Japan because of people could no longer afford to buys Japanese silks and other

exports. Prices for all exports plummeted, unemployment soared, and peasants

were near starving. The economic conditions and the discontent of the military led

to the development of ultranationalists who wanted immediate changes.

Chapter 30

1. General Strike: A general strike was a strike by workers in many different

industries at the same time. This happened in Britain in the 1920s and lasted nine

days, involving three million workers.

2. Stream of Consciousness: Stream of consciousness was an experimental

technique used by some writers int he 1920s. They would probe a character's

random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order. British novelist

Virginia Woolf and Irishman James Joyce used this technique.

3. Flapper: Flapper was the term for the liberated young women of the Jazz Age.

It started in America and spread to Europe. They bobbed their hair and skirts msuch

shorter than before. They went out on dates unchaperoned, danced wild new

dances, smoked, and drank in nightclubs.

4. Concentration Camp: Concentration camps were detention camps for tens of

thousands of Jewish civilians considered enemies of the state. The conditions were

horrible and many Jews were exterminated.

5. Leon Blum: In 1936, socialist leader Blum united several parties on left behind

him. His Popular Front government tried to solve labor porblems and passed some

social legislation. He could not satisfy the more radical leftists who brought down

Blum's government.

6. Marie Curie: Curie was a French scientist who won the Nobel Prize for her work

with radioactivity. This research showed that atoms were not sold and indivisible.

Whe later died from radiation poisoning.

7. Franklin D. Roosevelt: FDR was President of the US during the Depression and

World War II. He believed that government had to take an active role in solving the

problems of the economy. He stated the New Deal, a massive package of economic

and social programs. New laws regulated the stock market and protected people's

savings, unemployment insurance was given, and social security began. There was

also numerous jobs programs.

8. Virginia Woolf: Woolf was a British novelist in the 1920s who exprimented

with the stream of consciousness technique, which probed a character's thoughts and

feelings without imposing any logic or order. In To the Lighthouse and Mrs.

Dalloway, she explored the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the

ordinary actions of their everyday lives.

9. Albert Einstein: Einstein was a German-born physicist who created the idea of

reliativity. He argued that space and time measurements are not absolute but are

determined by many factors, some of them unknown. His ideas were so abstract

that they confused and disturbed by all the changes of what was always known.

10. James Joyce: Joyce was an Irish novelist who wrote Finnegan's Wake. He

used the stream of consciousness technique to explore the mind of a hero who

remains sound asleep throughout the novel. He even invented playful words, some

as long as 100 letters.

11. Pablo Picasso: Picasso was an artist who created the revolutionary style of art

called Cubism. He broke three-dimensional objects into fragments and composed

them into complex patterns of angles and planes. By redefining objects into

separate shapes, he presented a new view of reality.