WWI Study Guide/Cause & Effects

CAUSE/EFFECTS

Cause

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Germany supported austrian aggression

Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia

Germany invaded Belgium

Rivalry between great powers

Military buildup

Effects

Russian Revolution

Defeat of Central Powers

League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

Fourteen Points

WWII

Bismark: Otto Van Bismark, Prussia’s chancellor, freeely used war to unify Germany. After 1871 he turned to a policy of peace. He saw France as the Greatest threat to peace because they wanted revenge. He eventually formed the Triple Alliance, a major threat to some countries.

Years of WWI: The war began to bubble around the 1880’s to 1914 when Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente formed. The war began in 1914 and ended in 1918 on November, 11. This is now known as Armistice Day in Europe.

Triple Alliance of 1907: The Triple Alliance was first formed in 1887 between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. This alliance was formed by Bismark and was a fragile network. They were eventually surrounded by the ententes.

Armistice: On Nov 9, 1918, Germany became a republic. They then met in a railway car outside of France and made an armistice, an agreement to stop fighting. Two days later on Nov 11, 1918, WWI came to an end. It is now a national holiday (in Europe) called Armistice Day.

Elan: For years, French generals taught the importance of elan, or spirit, in battle. To attack the enemy boldly was all that mattered. There was no real need to train they thought and that the victor would be the side that fought more vigorously. They didn’t do to well in battle.

Entente: In 1904 Britain signed a treaty with France and then with Russia. These treaties were ententes, or friendly understandings, rather than alliances. The three countries formed the Triple Entente.

Mandate: At the end of the war, Germany’s territories were given as mandates to Britain France and Japan. A mandate was a territory that was administered on behalf of the League of Nations. The Allies then watched them untill they were judged fit for independence.

Militarism: The glorification of armed strength. To many people, war was the purest form of patrionism.

Mobilize: Russia faced many difficulties in the war. It had few railroads and a large (low equiped) army. Russia needed many weeks to mobilize, or to get its army into position for war. They felt they could not afford to wait.

Powder keg:

Propaganda: Governments to keep up fighting spirit used all sorts of propaganda. It is one-sided information that aims to convince people of a certain point of view. Posters, books, and news reports were used to turn the population against the enemy.

Ration: Goods were scarce during the war. Because of this people used rations in the army. A small measured amount of food for each man. The ration were usually a spoiled tin, stale bread and little water.

Reparations: Part of the Versailles treaty, Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies. Reparations were amounts of money to compensate for the enormous costs of war. Germany had to pay around 31 billion dollars.

Americans fought WWI: The war had a great toll on our men. The US thought that they were fighting for a world where all people could have a democratic gov’t. Eventually they set up the League of Nations. The US profited from the war, gaining about a quarter billion dollars.

Neutrality: Germany demanded that it’s troops be allowed to cross through Belgium to France. This would upset Belgium’s neutrality, or policy of not supporting a side. The Germans ignored the refusal from Belgium, outraged , Britain decalred war on Germany.

Ultimatum: An ultimatum is a set of demands that, if not met, would end negotiations and lead to war. Austria-Hungary sent Serbia a set of demands like this.

Gallipoli Campaign: This was a special assault on the nerve of the Ottoman empire. British and French soldiers attacked, hoping for help from Russia. The plan was a disaster and the Allies gave up on it.

Kaiser William II: The ruler of Germany. On 11-9-18 he gave up his throne and Germany became a republic. It would take time for it to redo it’s gov’t.

Big 3 Powers/Treaty of Versailles: The three powers were Wilson for the U.S., George Clemenceau of France and David Lloyd George of Britain, (Russia had to Fix it’s own problems). The defeated countries could not come. The treaty set many restrictions, reparations on Germany, and mandates.

Technology: At this time there was a rise in the new technology in everyday life and the war. The US’s Henry Ford began to produce cars. Automobile and airplanes revolutionized transportation plus they were used to fight wars and drop bombs. The telephone and radio allowed people to communicate with ease and much more quickly. The radio could give instant update on the world, and movies helped to show and bring the world to a screen. The worst invention were new war gases and artilery.

Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway, Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Cummings, and MacLiesh were the lost generation, as said by Gertrude Stein. In Paris she noted that these people were looking for artistic freedom and how they searched to make their art unique.

Harlem Renaissance: This was a time when art and writing flourished in new and different ways during the 1920’s. African-American writers such as Hughes and Cullen brought their long struggles and hopes to attention.

The Jazz Age: Jazz music began to become a part of popular culture. It was a mixture of African rhythms, the american blues, catchy melodies of ragtime, and classical music of Europe. With the inventions of the phonograph and radio, jazz took the country by storm.

How weapons affected the War: The new inventions created a new incredibly violent war. The airplane created dogfights and were now able to bomb from above. The tank was used to wipe out enemy lines but was defective, subs sunk many war and passanger ships. New guns and gases wiped out the opposing sides.

Wilson: President Woodrow Wilson eventually declared war on Germany and the Central Powers. At the end of the war he set up the Fourteen Points, the League of Nations, and the Versailles Treaty.

Princip: Garvillo Princip, a young serb, was a member of the Black Hand, a secret society of Slavic Extremists. He, with a small pistol, shot off two shots. He killed the archduke and the archdukes wife Sophie.

Archduke Ferdinand: The man who was murdered that started the war. He was heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Not everyone was happy with this and on his trip to Sarajevo he was killed.

"The Great War": It was known as this after 1918. No one for years had experienced a war of such great magnitude that split Europe so greatly. It had devastated countryside destroyed lives and killed many.

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