UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS

AIDS- who can get it? Anyone can get AIDS. It is a sexually transmitted disease and it can only be recived that way. The best prevention is not to have premarital sex.

The first Arab-Israeli conflict- This is a religeous problem. The Arabs have had the land for thousands of years and holds religious importance. To the Israeli’s this is the promised land and it holds great importance. So they have begun to war over the land.

Result of 6 day war- The result was that the U.N. stepped in and ordered peace. They passeed Resolution 242. This called for the withdrawl of Israeli troops, acknowledgement of every state and other such things.

US’s role toward Israel- The U.S. was for helping Israel. We needed the ally in the middle east and possible ammounts of oil.

Current split in Ireland: When Ireland split, Britain took North Ireland which was lush with good farmland. The natives got the crummy, rocky area. Some people want to reunite Ireland and kick Britain out. They make their point with violence.

IRA-Irish Republic Army tries to reunify Ireland by using bombings and violence.

Who wants to reunite Ireland- The Catholics want to reunify Ireland. The English Protestants make up 2/3 of the population though which is a problem.

National debt- The U.S. has to loan money to other countries so that they don’t sell nukes or anything for money. Because we have loaned out so much and they have failed to pay us back, our debt is increasing millions a day. This can only lead to a rise in taxes.

Nationalism- Pride in ones country, thinking yours has the power to do anything.

Nationalism_ one example of nationalism was in France during Napoleons reign. People had such nationalism they thought it was great that their leader was taking over more land for them.

Gahndi- He was a lawyer, who eventually became a rights activist. He created a belief which combined Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddism. He spun his own clothe and boycotted laws in passive resistance.

Species Extinction- This is when man wipes out so many of an animal that the animal becomes extinct, or no longer around. The usual cause of this is man.

Greenhouse effect- This is when we create a layer of harmful gases and pollutants in the atmosphere. UV rays get trapped under them and this makes the earth heat up like a greeenhouse.

Deforestation- This is the constant removal of trees from an area. Usually people forget to replant trees and cause a huge problem for the ecosystem.

Biodiversiy- This is how the different ecosystems differ. It ranges from plants, animals, and landscape.

Ozone Depletion- the Ozone is a special layer of gases which protect the earth from UV rays. However, peoples pollution is what is destroying it.

Some major proplems of 21 century- Some problems are AIDS, the Middle East and Pollution. These won’t go away until we do something.

DEMOCRACY-GREECE

Ten commandments- First form of written law ever. It set the basis for written laws and are used in every country. The old prophets also denounced tyranny and injustice inspiring future rulers.

Democ developed where?- Democracy developed in Athens. It was a direct democracy in which citizens met to debate laws and set gov’t policies.

Limitations- A problem was only a fifth of the population were citizens since slaves, women and foreigners couldn’t. During the war with Sparta, bad choices led to the fall of Athens.

Plato- Plato was convinced people were unwise and that wisdom was needed. He wanted a meritocracy, this is where those with exceptional abilities were the ones to rule the people.

Aristotle- Aristotle was Plato’s pupil but thought that instead of a meritocracy he thought of using a balanced gov’t. Here an executive, a aristocratic, and a democratic branch would balance each other and make decisions.

Republic- This is how Rome ruled for 500 years. The officials were all elected and represented different people and city-states.

Socrates- He questioned the way things were working by asking questions to young people and then getting into disscussion with them. However people didn’t like his way of thinking and he was executed for corrupting young minds.

Minoan- They were a great seafaring people of the Medditerranian. They were a people with a flash for parties and a good life.

Geographic factors- The sea helped link Greece to every part of the surrounding area. Since the land around formed a small area it was easy to rule all city states under one rule, however the ground was rocky and farming was hard to acomplish. The climate was good leading to a outdoor life.

Trojan War- This was a war between the kings of the Bronze age. It started when a Trojan youth stole Helen of Greece. It was later written about by Homer.

Polis- This was the name of Greek city-states.

Homer- A great writer that wrote about the Trojan War and the epic story of Odysseus. His work is world famous and helped to lead to the discovery of Troy.

Sparta- This was an extremely large city-state that controlled 4,000 miles of land.

Phalnax- A battle strategie. Men stood back to back in a perfect square and would portrude the sides with spears and create a protective wall with shields. It was essential to winning wars.

Hoplite- The name of a soldier who fought on foot. This army became stronger with the use of iorn.

Helot-The Messanians became helots. Slaves who stayed and worked their land but gave most of it to Sparta . Eventually they began to revolt and cause problems.

Alexander- He was a great leader who took over many lands. By doing this he was able to spread Greek culture to many parts of the world.

Athena- She was the goddess of wisdom. Athens was named for her. The thing about the Greek Gods was that they had human characteristics such as love and hate, and screwed up like mortals as well.

Euclid- A famous mathematician who opened a school of geometry in Alexandria. He is best known for his book Elements which contained 465 geometric propositions and proofs.

Herodotus- A Greek scholar, he wrote The Persian Wars. It researched and recorded the events of the war and is known as the first true historian.

Marathon- A great event of physical skill in which a man must win a long race.

Mt. Olympus- A huge mountain in Greece thought to be the home of the Gods. The Olympic games were named after this place to honor the Gods.

Parthenon- An architechtural wonder. This building is dedicated to Athena. It is known for it’s type of architechture and for how mathematically proportioned it is.

Pericles- He was elected to be one of Athen’s ten generals. He became in effect, the leader of Athens. This man dominated for 32 years as the Age of Pericles. He had three goals: to strengthen Athenian democracy, build a commercial empire, and glorify Athens.

Solon- A philosopher who helped lead Athens in democracy. His acts helped to improve the economy and political problems.

Tragedy- The Greek tragedy arose as an important part of culture to Greece. To be a tragedy, a man and a woman had to have great strength that would eventually lead to their downfall.

ROME

Colosseum- An arena of sorts. It was used for public hearings, announcements but usually for contestants in a fight to the death kinda thing.

Pax Romana- During the Rule of Augustus was a time of peace known as the Pax Romana.

It was very important to the development of Greece.

Virgil- A writer who devoted ten years of life to writing his epic poem the Aeneid. It told of the history of Greece. His writing helped to lead to the silver age of literature.

Epicureanism- Epicurus taught that the way to happiness is to free the body from pain and the mind from fear. This type of thinking began to spread through Greece around 270 B.C.

Livy- He published one of the most nationalistic books on the history of Rome.

Paul- A Christian prophet, he spread the idea of Christianity to people all across Greece. He also wrote many of the books in the New Testiment.

Jews and Christians

Zealots-

Twelve Tables- The twelve tables were a set of laws for Greece that help set the standards for laws.

MIDDLE AGES

"The Dark Ages"- Was considered the Dark Ages if considering how many advances were made in the fields of math, science, and literature. However if considering how the rule of kings and warloards reigned then it was very prosperous.

Dates- The dates of the early Middle Ages was from 450-1000 A.D.

Factors leading to- There were many factors leading to the middle ages. The first is that Roman civilization collapsed. Personal ties replaced citizenship and there was a loss of literacy and a common language.

Benedict- A monk who set up basic monasitic rules for monastaries and for nunneries. He later became an abbot or head of a monastary.

Gregory I- He helped to increase the power of the papal power. In 590 he became a pope and soon made the papacy a political authority as well.

Pepin- He became king under the blessing of the pope. He helped to protect the pope from the Lombards. At this point there was a connection between kings and popes so they could help each other.

Charlemagne- He greatly extended Frankish power. Every summer he called together the armies and conquered land in the east and south. He created the missi dominici to watch his power. He also revived learning by creating schools and monastaries. Eventually the pope made him emperor.

Pope Leo III- Charlemagne saved the pope from a roman mob. After this the pope made him emperor. This helped establish an idea of how much power the papacy had.

Vikings- They were barbarians to the rest of the world. They however were great seafarers, creating better boats, new ways of mapping, and discovered many new lands. They also were great traders and farmers. By 1000, Eric the Red discovered Newfoundland. Eventually they adopted Christianity and made peace treaties.

Leif Ericson- The son of Eric the Red. He had discovered Newfoundland and the Americas.

Feudalism- A political and military system based on the holding of land. It took place around 850-950.

Lord- The man who actually owned the land.

Vassal- The man who recives the land. He in turn pledges allegiance to the lord for money, crops, and military service.

Manor- The basic economic unit. The manor had living quarters for the lord, a village, farm, church, blacksmith, basically a small self-contained town.

Serf- The term for most peasants. They, unlike slaves, could not be bought or sold but they could not leave the manor.

Horsepower- This is how most things worked. People farmed and built using horses.

3 field system- Using this system, people left 2/3 oof their land for wheat, barley, oats, beans, etc. and the other third was fallow. This way they were able to get more use out of their land.

Church- A major part of life for people. The church set the basic rules for living which usually made things hard such as it didn’t alowe intrest, but people really needed the money.

Town growth- Greater amounts of food meant greater amounts of people. People began to leave the country and move to towns. The movement of people created the new middle class.

Fairs- Town fairs were the center of trade for people. Here people would find, buy and trade furs, crops, food, metal and other sorts of things. Four times a year there would be a huge county fair which would display art and other such things.

Guilds- These were early types of unions. They were created to create better working conditions.

Gothic- A style of architecture. Three new building techniques were the highlight of it, pointed, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and pointed arches. A famous example of this is Notre Dame.

Knights- Warriors who were clad in armor and followed a chivalric code.

The Crusaders- In the crusades, people from all of Europe. They were unprepared for the journey to Jerusalem. They eventually captured the city.

RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, ENLIGHTENMENT

Renaissance- The Renaissance began in northern Italy. It eventually replaced the Middle Ages.

Medici- A powerful family in Florence that had made a fortune in trade and banking. They controlled the city council and were loved by the lower classes.

Enlightenment- The Enlightenment was a time of religeous discovery to the world. Lutheranism and Calvinism sprang up and the Catholic church reformed itself.

Main city-

Protestantism- The term used for the Christians who were seeking change turned awayfrom the papacy and the Catholic church. Some groups of them were Calvanists, Lutherans and othe rtypes of religeons.

The Prince-

Luther- Martin Luther questioned the ways of the Catholic Church. After reading the bible he decided the current traditions were wrong. We eventually created the 95 theses and Lutheranism.

Edict of Worms- A trial that declared Luther an outlaw and heretic. His books were burned and he became an outcast.

Calvin- John Calvin published his ideas of Protestantism. He explained that people were sinful by nature and that predestination was in order.

Catholic Responses to Reformation- The Catholic Church created the Jesuits who were basically the churches hit-group. They also tried to start a counter- Reformation whose goal was to stamp out Protestantism.

Scientific Method- The scientific meathod was created by Kelper. It was a logical procedure to collecting and testing data.

Philosophes- New ideas were beginning to start in science and in math. Such were discoveries in the human body and in space.

Adam Smith- He supported free trade. It is the idea that people should compete in the market to create better product and create the laws of self-intrest, competition and supply and damand.

POLITICAL REVOLUTION

Factors that helped colonists- There were five main factors that helped them win the Revolutionary war. Their motivation for fighting was great, they skillfully used hit and run tactics so they were able to pick off their soldiers. Time helped because it was expensive for Britain to send soldiers over seas. Britain’s soldiers were mediocre and clueless and fifth the Americans fought with the France, Spain and many German states.

American Constitution- The constitution was a document declaring freedom from Britain. The articles helped to create a weak national gov’t.

Louis XVI- The ruler of Britain when America revolted. He had created high taxes and ruled unjustly.

The 3 estates- The estates were the three basic classes of France. The first estate was formed of the highest officials of the church who recived free gifts from taxes. The second estate were nobles, while being two percent of the population they owned 20% of the land. The third were peasants and wokers who paid all taxes.

Great Fear- Mobs and riots began to start and this caused a Great Fear to sweep France. People were in constant fear of wars and manors were burned and heck broke loose.

Robespierre- He was a leader of the Jacobins rebel group. He was a total radical and helped form a better world. He created a scientific calender, the Committee of Public Safety and other things.

Emperor- Napoleon was greatly increasing Frances power. He became so strong he eventually became the self appointed emperor of France.

FORMS OF GOV’T

Totalitarianism-A political system in which the government controls the lives of its citizens.

Socialism- The belife that a counties wealth should be shared equally among it’s people.

Direct Democracy- Used in Athens, a government where all decisions are made by the citizens of the state.

Fascism-A political movement of extreme nationalism: no individual rights, supremecy of the state, dictatorial one-party rule.

Republic- A gov’t in where the people get to elect the people to represent them.

Communism- A form of gov’t where all things are shared equally among the people.