Industrial Revolution Study Guide

1. Steam Power replaced water power. With water, you had to be near running water which could be a problem. However, with the steam you could be anywhere anytime.

4. The I.R. mainly began in Great Britain. Farming methods changed creating vast amounts of crops and livestock. They also had a favorable geography, new ideas, abundant natural resources, political stability, and plenty of money to invest.

3. Britains population was booming, it almost doubled every century. This was because of good food supplies and better living conditions were taking place. Also, there were medical breakthroughs to help people live longer.

1. Farming mainly led the way for the I.R. With ways to help produce numbers rise the economy became very good.

4. Textiles were a major product for Britain. Before they only had raw wool, now they had fine wool, linen, and cotton. However it was hard to come by and expensive since it was all woven by hand.
5. Richard Arkwright, in 1769, invented the water frame. It would use water power to spin spinning wheels.
6. In 1793, Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin. It would pick and clean cotton much quicker than by hand. This increased the number of bales of cotton from 9,000 in 1791 to 987,000 in 1831.
7. There were many advantages to steam engines. One was that it didn’t work on running water and could go anywhere. Second they were constantly being improved upon so as to make it go farther and faster in less time.
8. The results of the new ideas to the cotton industry was it became cheap and abundant. The output grew from 40 million yards to 2 billion yards.
9. The railroads helped to ship goods quickly to all parts of the country in short amounts of time. This made industry boom even more than before.
10. The I.R. was slow to spread to other countries. Mainly because Britain wanted to keep it to itself. Until 1825, it was illegal for mechanics and engineers to leave the country. Samual Slater dressed liked a farmer and snuk to the U.S. and helped start it there.
11. Britain had many ways of transportation. Rairoads were the main way. Canals brought goods by water, and basic roads.
12. Most people began to move to cities whereas before they lived in rural areas. Cities sprang up around factories and water ways. Here there were opportunities and jobs.
13. Working conditions were harsh, people worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week every year, all year. Plus there were many accidents especially in coal mines where most people lived much shorter than the average person. Children also had to work in factories and had it worse than the adults. Laws were later set up against child labor and unions sprung up.
14. The I.R. made some peoples lives miserable. They had to all work constantly and barley had food or money.

16. Crushed rock. Macadam was used to build sturdy streets.

17. Unions were groups of workers. They spoke for all workers of a particular trade. They begged for better working conditions and higher wages. If owners refused a strike would begin.
18. Canals became a great way of transportation in the I.R. There was one drawback. It had to be along running water which was not always available.
19. Samual Slater, as mentioned above, dressed as a farmer and went to America. Here he built a spinning machine and the idea of industrialization spread to other countries.
20. Wealthy landowners were buying up land from village farmers. Then the landowners rebted the land to farmers. This process was called enclosure since they often fenced the property.
21. James Watt worked t Glasgow U. In 1765 he discovered a way to make steam engines more efficient and burn less fuel. He went into buisness with Mathew Boulton and they became entrepreneurs.
22. Manchester was the most famous industrial city. It was ahead of most cities and was the main textile center of Britain.
23. The years of 1700-1850 in Britain and other counties were known as the I.R. At this time, population grew, new ideas occurred, and industry boomed.
24. An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, mananges, and takes on the risks of a buisness.
25. The water frame used water power to spin spinning wheels. It was invented by Richard Arkwright.
26. The flying shuttle allowed the weaver to work twice as fast. It was invented by John Kay.
27. The steam engine was created by a man named Newcomen and was improved by Watt.
28. James Hargreaves named the spinning jenny in honor of his wife. It allowed a spinner to spin 6 to 8 threads at a time.
29. Jethro Tull was a farmer and had trouble sowing seeds. He created the seed drill which planted seeds in neat rows at certain depths.

30. The weapons make

31. One of the most time consuming labors was cleaning cotton. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin cleaned cotton and increased the number of bales by the thousands.

32. The.

33. Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule. It was a combination of the water frame and the spinning jenny.

34. Edmund Cartwrights power loom was water powered. It help cut labor time in half.

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