4 장 : 동 사 1. 완전 자동사 (1형식 동사) : 완전 자동사는 보어나 목적어가 필요없다. Time flies. / The castle stands on the hill. 자동사와 타동사의 두 기능을 동시에 갖는 동사들도 많다. The window broke. (자동사) / Who broke the window ? (타동사) The books sold rapidly. (자동사) / We sell toys. (타동사) (close, drink, fly, photograph, shut, stop, write, etc.) (1) At last day ___________ and it began to get light. (A) broke (B) lighted (C) rose (D) lightened (2) When I was grown up, I spent every summer swimming in this river. 2. 1형식 문장의 유형 a. 'S + V'형 The ship has just arrived. / The sun rises in the east. b. 'V + S'형 (도치 구문) There is something wrong. / There is a woman for you. Be동사 이외에도 존재, 출현의 자동사는 There 구문을 만든다. There lived a king. / There began a riot. (seem, appear, resemble, exist, remain, happen. Grow. Etc) (1) In the world _______ are as many as a million earthquakes in a year. (A) yet (B) there (C) they (D) ever (2) Until the present century, there were little demand for natural gas. 3. 불완전 자동사 (2형식 동사) : 불완전 자동사는 다음의 주격보어를 필요로 하는 연결 동사이다. a. 명사와 그 상당어구 (대명사, to-부정사, 동명사, 명사구(절) ) My hobby is to swim. (to-부정사) / The fact is that he died. (명사절) b. 형용사와 그 상당어구 (분사, 형용사구) His hair turned white. (형용사) / Don't get excited. (분사) * 부사로서 형용사 역할을 하는 경우도 있으므로 외우는 것이 좋다. School is over. / Mr. Smith is in bad health. (1) I never feel badly if after trying hard I fail to win a prize. (2) In summer the roses smell so sweetly and the birds sing so happily. 4. 불완전 자동사 분류 - become 과 같은 종류 ('~ 되다' 라는 기본 의미를 갖는 동사들) She became ill. (become) / He grew thin. (grow) His dog went mad. (go) / The baby turned pale. (turn) He got angry with me. (get) / The children fell silent. (fall) The river ran dry. (run) / The dream came true. (come) (1) As time went on, her hair __________ white. (A) remained (B) turned (C) proved (D) felt (2) You may fry eggs on a stove that never gets hotly enough to burn you. 5. 불완전 자동사 분류 - Be와 같은 종류 (' ~ 이다'라는 기본 의미를 갖는 동사들) a. seem (~같이) 보이다 (=appear) :John seems (to be) sick. b. prove (~임이) 드러나다 (=turn out) :I proved (to be) fat. c. remain (~상태로) 있다 (=lie, stay) :The weather remained rainy. d. feel (기분, 혹은 촉감이) ~ 하다 :This cloth feels soft / I feel great. e. look (외양이) ~보이다 :He looks young for his age. f. smell (냄새가) ~하다 :These flowers smell sweet. g. taste (맛이) ~하다. :The fruit tastes ripe. h. sound (~로) 들리다 :His story sounds strange. (1) The situation looks so seriously that it seems as if the war may happen. (2) I saw the coach on the field after the game, and he seemed angrily. 6. 완전 타동사 a. 완전 타동사와 목적어 o. 목적어로는 명사와 그 상당어구 (대명사, 명사구(절), to-부정사, 동명사) I saw Brown home. (명사) / I forgot to bring it. (to-부정사) * 일부 자동사는 동일한 어원 혹은 유사한 어원의 동종 목적어를 취하여 타동사 역할을 한다. I lived a miserable life. / He fought a good battle. (sleep, dream, die, breathe, smile, nod, sing, sigh, etc) b. 군동사의 타동사화 i. two-word verb : They called off the strike. (bring up, call up, make out, give in, look at, etc.) ii.three-word verb : You must make up for the loss. (put up with, stand up for, make use of, find fault with, etc.) (1) I had to _________ all the dishes after dinner. (A) make (B) settle (C) get (D) do (2) The prohibition lain down by Goedel are basic to all the sciences. 7. 주요 완전 타동사 i. Bill married Linda. = get married to ii. They all resemble each other. = take after iii. We attended the wedding ceremony. iv. He survived World War II. She survived her aunt. v. They discussed the problem. vi. We're approaching the island. vii. Soldiers must obey orders. viii. The train reached Seoul. = get to ix. He excels me in courage. x. She entered the coffee shop. We entered into conversation. (enter into) (1) He ________ Korea for the United States this morning. (A) started (B) left (C) departed (D) left from (2) I cannot believe that the individual survives after the death of his body. (3) I'm sure that Mr. Kim is not qualified to discuss about teachers' salaries. 8. 수여 동사 : 수여 동사는 목적어를 두 개 갖는 4형식 동사이다. He bought the girl a red rose. (4형식) 간.목 직.목 She made his son a toy. (4 형식) 간.목 직.목 (1) Will you _________ me a favor ? (A) do (B) give (C) find (D) take (2) I asked to Mr. Jack why he had failed to report the accident. (3) If you happen to see Frank, tell to him hello. 9. 문장의 전환 (I) a. 간접목적어를 뒤로 보낼 때 to를 취하는 동사 God gave us many talents. (4형식) God gave many talents to us. (3 형식) (sell, show, teach, write, offer, mail, send, etc) b. 간접목적어를 뒤로 보낼 때 for를 취하는 동사 She bought me a white hat. (4형식) She bought a white hat for me. (3 형식) (make, get, find, spare, save, etc. ) (1) Mr. Dalton offered the position for her because he liked her credentials. (2) She wished to buy a watch to me, but had no money to buy one with. 10. 문형의 전환 (II) a. 간접목적어를 뒤로 보낼 때 기타의 전치사를 필요로 하는 동사 i. May I ask you a favor ? >>> May I ask a favor of you ? ii. We played him a trick. >>> We played a trick on him. b. 문형을 전환할 수 없는 동사 i. I envy you your trip. >>> I envy your trip to you. (x) ii. I envy you. (o) / I envy your trip. (o) (forgive, cost, charge, grudge, save '(수고 등을) 덜다. Etc.) (1) May I ________ a question of you ? (A) give (B) show (C) ask (D) teach 11. 직접목적어가 節일 때 a. 간접목적어가 꼭 와야 하는 동사 The doctor advised me that I should stop drinking. (convince, tell, inform, assure, remind, persuade, etc. ) b. 간접목적어가 선택적으로 쓰이는 동사 I asked (him) where he had been last night. (show, bet, promise, warn, etc.) (1) They told that I should not have drunk the tap water here. (2) The whistle warned to the visitors that the ship was ready to sail. 12. 3.4형식 유의 사항 (I) 4형식 동사로 착각하기 쉬운 3형식 동사들이 있다. The lawyer explained us the law.(4형식) (x) The lawyer explained the law to us. (3형식) (o) (explain, introduce, suggest, announce, rob, deprive, rid, remind ) (1) The doctor _________ quitting smoking to me. (A) asked (B) advised (C) suggested (D) announced (2) Just as I finished eating, my brother explained me a question. 13. 3.4형식 유의사항 (II) a. 직접 목적어가 대명사일 때는 3형식 문장으로 John gave Bill it. (x) >>> John gave it to Bill. (o) b. 3형식 문장에서 목적어가 길면 부사구와 순서 도치 She said to me that he would get to work _______ . cf. She said nothing to me. He suggested to me that I follow his advice ________. (1) My father suggested _______ that I should apply for the job. (A) me (B) to me (C) at me (D) for me (2) The professor explained us that the Revolutionary War was over in 1783. 14. 불완전 타동사와 목적보어 (I) 불완전 타동사는 목적어와 목적보어를 취하는 5형식 동사 They elected him chairman. (목적어 = 목적보어) i. 명사(구)가 목적보어인 동사 We chose John mayor. (make, elect, name, appoint, call, etc) * choose, elect, appoint, name '선출하다'는 as or to be 삽입 가능 ii. 형용사와 분사가 목적보어인 동사 Please leave the door open. (make, hold, render, call, keep, push, etc.) iii. 'for + 형용사(분사, 명사)'가 목적보어인 동사 I took his help for granted. / I gave him up for lost. [ (mis)take, give up, etc.] iv. 'as + (동)명사'가 목적보어인 동사 We described him as the best poet. * [think of, define, describe, regard, look upon, refer to, etc.] # 동명사 중에서 being은 생략하고 그 보어인 형용사(분사)만 적는다. We regard his argument as (being) logical. v. to-부정사가 목적보어인 동사 She ordered me to do this first. (want, wish, intend, like (희망.기대) / tell, ask, advise, urge, persuade (명령.권고) / get, cause, force, enable (사역) / think, believe, consider (사고) / allow, permit, forbid (허용.금지) / etc. * help는 흔히 원형 부정사를 취한다 : He helped me (to) move. (1) Susan ________him a pig. (A) said (B) told (C) called (D) talked (2) Thurgood Marshall was appointed to an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1967. (3) I made this cart _________ to hold five adults. (A) strongly enough (B) enough strong (C) strong enough (D) enough strongly (4) My reaction, I suppose, could have been called to be instinctive. (5) Jocobson is often referred to be the best engineer at the factory. (6) The people in general looked upon the situation to be critical. (7) I would like _______ the passage. (A) you read (B) you to read (C) for you to read (D) to you read (8) The students in the dormitory were forbidden from staying out after school. 15. 의 생략 목적보어가 'to be + 형용사[분사]'인 경우 는 생략 가능하다. a. want類 (일반적으로 생략함) : I want it (to be) ready. (like, get, find, wish, etc.) b. think類 (선택적으로 생략함) : I thought him (to be) wise. (consider, order, feel, prove, imagine, believe, etc) c. know類 (생략시킬 수 없다) : I know her to be reliable. (allow, permit, expect, etc.) (1) The professor got the paper _______ . (A) to print (B) print (C) printed (D) prints (2) The employer wanted the job to do quickly and without mistakes. 16. 목적어.목적보어 도치 a. 목적어가 부정사. 동명사. 명사절일 때 - 가목적어 it을 남긴다. I think it (가목적어) my duty (목적보어) to help you (목적어). b. 목적어가 명사구일 때 - 순서만 바꾼다. X-rays can make visible (목적보어) details in our body (목적어). c. 관용적으로 도치할 수 있는 경우 - 선택적으로 도치 It will make possible (목적보어) our success (목적어). (make clear, push open, cut short, wash clean, etc.) (1) He believes that his duty to look after the morals of the helpless. (2) The computer makes possibly a phenomenal leap in human proficiency. 17. 사역 동사 a. 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 능동이면 목적보어는 동사원형 The police let the children go. b. 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 수동이면 목적보어는 과거분사 She had her watch stolen. * let는 수동일 때 'be + p.p.'형 : I won't let a cause be lost. 1. Mr. Jones made his son ___________ to South America. (A) to go (B) go (C) going (D) leaving 2. If you don't get out, I'll have you _______. (A) arrested (B) to arrest (C) be arrested (D) arrest 18. 목적어와 목적보어의 능동.수동 관계 a. 번역을 해 보는 방법 I had him kill her. (그가 그녀를 죽이므로 능동 >>> 동사원형) I had her killed. (그녀는 죽었으므로 수동 >>> 과거분사) b. 문장구조를 통한 방법 목적어가 있으면 능동 : I had John visit the castle. 자동사이면 능동 : He had the war happen. (happened하지 않도록 주의) (1) My mother made me _______ my relatives before going shopping. (A) visiting (B) visit (C) visited (D) to visit (2) How glad I'd be if I could have the rose to bloom the year around. 19. 사역 구문의 의미 a. have i. '시키다, 하게하다' : I had my thesis printed. ii. '당하다' : My son had his suit stolen. iii. '받다' : You need to have your eyes examined. b. make '시키다, 하게하다' (강제성) : She made my hair cut. c. let '허용하다, 방임하다' : Mother won't let you go alone. (1) Finally, the police _______ the thief go. (A) wanted (B) allowed (C) let (D) enabled (2) The policeman allows people to stay but he does not leave them enter easily. 20. 지각 동사 a. 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 능동이면 목적보어는 동사원형 or 진행형 I saw him walk alone. / ... walking alone. (진행형임을 강조) b. 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 수동이면 목적보어는 p.p. or being p.p. I saw the room cleaned. / ... being cleaned. ( watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, smell, taste, etc.) ** 목적보어가 'to be + 형용사'인 경우엔 to를 생략하지 못함. I saw her be pale. (x) >>> I saw her to be pale. (o) (1) I smell something _______. (A) burning (B) bums (C) to be burned (D) to bum (2) The teacher saw someone to be trying to pass a note to someone else. 21. 수동태에서의 사역.지각동사 ◈ to-부정사를 사용한다. We made him start. ☞ He was made to start. We saw the car stop. ☞ The car was seen to stop. i. 사역동사 중에서 make만 수동태가 되지만 let은 숙어적으로 가능할 수 있다. The prisoners were let go. (let go '석방시키다.') ii. 분사가 목적보어인 경우는 그대로 둔채 술어동사만 수동태로. We saw the car stopping. >>> The car was seen stopping. (1) Was John heard _______ the house? (A) leave (B) left (C) to leave (D) has left (2) The thief wasn't noticed to be entering the room by anyone. 22. have / get : 뜻은 동일하나 문장구조는 틀린다. cf. I had him clean the room. / I got him to clean the room. cf. He had his bike painted. / He got his bike painted (1) Let's ________ Tom to explain that sentence again. (A) have (B) make (C) let (D) get (2) You had better get your visa extend before it expires. ♠ 연 습 문 제 1. Heat makes gases ________. (A) expand (B) expanding (C) to expand (D) be expanded 2. He wanted the paper _______ double-spaced. (A) typing (B) being typed (C) typed (D) to type 3. Mr. White allowed her ______ a vacation for two weeks. (A) having (B) have (C) to have (D) go on 4. The man _______ silent despite the on-the-street demonstration. (A) remained (B) was remained (C) was remaining (D) remaining 5. He _______ Korean with a strong accent. (A) talks (B) said (C) tells me (D)speaks 6. He helped _______ move the piano in. (A) in to (B) for us to (C) ourselves (D) us 7. Please ______ type these letters for me. (A) her to (B) she has (C) have her (D) has she 8. Industrial designers try to make products attraction, efficient, and safe. 9. Harry S. Truman's record in foreign affairs, while flawed, was signified. 10. Don't get anger with the political rivals because they disagree with you. 11. When I returned home, I found the door open and something steal. ♠ 독 해 연 습 1. Madame Pandit is widely known as a citizen of the world. She owes her spirit of courage and sacrifice to Gandhi, and her idealism and her understanding of the meaning of national self-respect to her brother, Prime Minister Nehru. One cannot read her Prison Days, without being deeply impressed with the strength of her character. 2. Those men of genius choose a particular profession not because they consider it the best, because it promises the most glory, money, or happiness, but because they cannot help it, and for the same reason they stick to it while life lasts. All they know is that they love what they are about, and they give their whole souls to it accordingly. 3. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants. 4. When we are hindered, or disturbed, or distressed, let us never lay the blame on others, but on ourselves, that is, on our own judgments. To accuse others for one's own misfortunes is a sign of want of education; to accuse oneself shows that one's education has begun; to accuse neither oneself nor others shows that one's education is complete. 5. My training in a medical school furnished me with an elementary knowledge of science and scientific method. Till then l had been concerned only with art and literature. It was a very limited knowledge, for the demands of the curriculum at that time were small but at all events it showed me the road that led to a region of which I was completely ignorant. I grew familiar with certain principles. 6. I have always taken it for granted that pockets are places to put things into, and have stuffed my pockets with anything that would go into them. Yet even as a boy I was discouraged from making this, as it seems to me, natural use of my pockets. I was told that, if you put things into your pockets, you spoilt the shape of your suit. This seems to me as ridiculous as it would be to say that, if you put potatoes into a sack, you spoil the shape of the sack. I dress for use, not for beauty; and my figure is nothing to boast of at the best. 7. Surprisingly, it is often hard to identify odors of common things when you cannot see them. Try this. Have a friend blindfold you and hold under your nose things with a distinctive odor, such as vinegar, peppermint, or garlic. Now name each item. You may be wrong. Because you could not see the item, your brain did not know what to get you ready to smell.