10 장 : 시 제 ♧ 현재 시제 1. 일반적 사실. 진리 : Honesty is the best policy. 2. 현재의 습관 : You smoke too much. 3. 현재의 사실 : Susie has beautiful eyes. (상태) I warn you again. (행위) 4. 왕, 래, 발, 착 동사의 미래 대용 : He comes back tonight. 5. 역사적 현재 : Caesar leaves Gaul. Q1. __________ like to eat breakfast in the morning ? (A) Would you (B) Will you (C) Won't you (D) Do you Q2. Bob ________ more in one day than I do in a week. (A) has earned (B) earns (C) earned (D) has earned Q3. Coffee is my favorite hot drink,, even though it kept me awake at night. ♧ 과거 시제 1. 과거 한 시점의 행위 : Hyden was born in 1732. 2. 과거 한 시점의 상태 : The recital was a great success. 3. 과거의 습관 : He often sat up late till late. (빈도부사 동반) cf. He would [used to] sit up late till late. 4. 역사적 사실 : The Korean War broke out in 1950. Q1. Do you remember the incident that _________ at our first meeting ? (A) had place (B) had taken place (C) took place (D) has taken place Q2. The chairman makes it clear at the meeting that he would not step down from his position as chairman. ♧ have been to / have gone to 1. have been to [in] i. 경험 '..에 가본 적이 있다.' Have you ever been to New York ? ii. 완료 '..에 갔다 왔다' I have been to Kim-Po Airport. 2. have gone to '...로 가버리다' (결과) He has gone to Tokyo. 그래서 여기에 없다. Q1. Mr. Brown is not here in Seoul; he _________ to Pusan. (A) has been (B) has gone (C) was (D) is going Q2. Though he has never ________ England, his English is excellect. (A) been to (B) gone in (C) gone to (D) been out ♧ 과거 완료 1. 어떤 과거를 기준으로 그때까지의 완료.경험.계속.결과를 나타낸다. She said that the train had alread left. (완료) She said that she had once been to Canada. (경험) She said that she had been ill for a week. (계속) She said that she had lost my glasses. (결과) 2. 대과거 : 어떤 특정한 과거보다 시간적으로 앞선 과거를 나타낸다. I lost the car which I had bought the previous day. cf. I bought a car, but I lost it. (시제의 평행) (보충) 전후가 분명한 after / before 절에선 과거완료 대신 과거시제도 可 I ate my lunch after she came / had come back. Q1. The road was very muddy because it _______ all night. (A) has rained (B) rained (C) had rained (D) was raining Q2. When Columbus discovered America, he thought that he arrived in India, so he called the people he met "Indians". ♧ 현재 완료 (I) : 과거부터 현재까지의 사실을 나타낼 때 1. 과거부터 현재까지의 경험 Have you ever been to Paris ? Have you ever seen a monkey ? 2. 과거부터 현재까지의 계속 Have you known him for long ? I have lived here for a year. (보충) so far [thus far] '지금까지', for [in] + 기간 명사 '..동안', since '...이래로' 등이 계속의 현재완료를 이끄는 어구들이다. ( It has rained so far this week. It has been raining since yesterday. Q1. It ________ every day so far this month. (A) is raining (B) rained (C) rains (D) has rained Q2. I'm surprised that you ________ of Mark Twain, the American novelist. (A) haven't heard (B) didn't hear (C) hadn't heard (D) doesn't hear Q3. In the quarter since the last war, the country reversed the military situation that existed in 1950. Q4. He has been here for five years, but he makes no attempt to climb the Alps. ♧ 현재 완료 (II) : 과거사실이지만 현재사실을 강조할 때 1. 과거사실이지만 현재 완료되어 있음을 강조 I have just finished the work. She has already arrived. 2. 과거사실이지만 현재의 결과를 강조 I have lost my watch [ 그 결과 현재 시계가 없음을 강조] I have cut my finger. [ 그 결과 현재 손가락이 아픔을 강조] Q1. Technology ________ more people than ever a comfortable and easy life. (A) gave (B) has given (C) give (D) had given Q2. Air traffic is very heavy these days, and the problem became very serious. ♧ 과거시제 & 현재 완료 (I) 1. 과거시제 - 과거사실만을 언급한다. 따라서, 분명히 과거사실을 말하는 부사는 과거시제만을 이끈다. ( She returned yesterday [last night, a week ago, in 1950, etc]. 2. 현재완료 - 과거사실과 현재사실을 연관시킨다. 따라서, 과거와 현재사실을 현관시키는 부사는 현재완료만을 이끈다. I have known him so far [for a year, since 1990, etc]. cf. I lived here for a year. '(과거) 1년간 여기 살았었다.' I have lived here for a year. '(1년 전부터 현재) 여기 살고 있다.' Q1. Five years ago he _______ German less than he knows now. (A) know (B) knew (C) has known (D) was knowing Q2. __________ the budget of the U.S. became the responsibility of the President. (A) In 1921 (B) Since 1921 (C) For 1921 (D) So far Q3. There ________ five accidents on this corner in the last ten months. (A) will be (B) were (C) have been (D) had been Q4. New York City has been the capital of New York State until 1797. ♧ 과거시제 & 현재 완료 (II) (분명한 시제를 이끄는 부사가 없으면 문맥 또는 주관으로 결정한다. Have you ever been to London ? (과거부터 현재까지의 사실을 묻고 있다 - 현재완료) Did you ever go to London when young ? (과거에 끝난 과거사실을 묻고 있다 - 과거시제) Q1. Where ________ when I was in New York ? (A) have you been (B) have you lived (C) were you (D) had you been Q2. Smoking is harmful to the health. And I ________ up smoking. (A) had given (B) was given (C) have given (D) would give ♧ since 구문과 시제 It is [has been] + 시간 + since ~과거 시제/ 현재 완료 1. since절이 과거시제일 때 It is two years since the war ended. = Two years have passed since the war ended. 2, since절이 현재완료일 때 It is two hours since I've talked to her. Q1. It _______ five years since Mr. Kim left Korea. (A) would be (B) was (C) is (D) has Q2. You'd like to know how I have been getting along since I have left school. ♧ 진 행 형 1. 진행형이 가능한 동사 : 動的동사 - 반복 행위.이동. 활동 등을 표시. The plane is leaving the ground. I'm watering the roses. ( (ask, change, drink, fall, jump, kick, land, leave, etc) 2. 진행형이 불가능한 동사 : 상태(狀態) 동사 지각 (see, hear), 인식 (know, remember), 소유 (have, belong), 감정 (love, hate), 상황 (exist, resemble) 등을 표시한다. ( This house is belonging to me. (x) / belongs to me. (o) (1) 상태(狀態)동사도 일시적 상태를 강조하면 진행형이 可 The pen is lying on the desk. (o) - 일시적 상태 Europe is lying north of Africa. (x) Europe lies north of Africa. (o) - 영구적 상태 ※ 진행형이 절대 불가능한 동사들 : have, exist, belong, possess, resemble, seem, differ (주로 소유.상황의 동사들) (2) 상태동사도 문맥상 動的동사로 될 수 있다. I am seeing (x) / see (o) the red cat. (see = 상태 동사 '보다') I am seeing the sights of Seoul. (see = 동적 동사 '구경하다') I am having a computer. (x) (have = 소유) I am having breakfast. (o) (have = eat ) She is having baby. (o) (have = 낳다) '아이를 곧 낳을 것이다' Q1. Her plane _______ at the airport right now. (A) arrived (B) was arriving (C) has arrived (D) is arriving Q2. This car ________ my uncle. (A) belong (B) belongs (C) belongs to (C) is belonging to ♧ 미래 완료 - 미래의 어느시점을 기준하여 그때까지의 완료.경험.계속.결과를 나타낸다. (by의 부사구(절)를 동반할 때가 많음) ▲ He will have finished his work by tonight. (완료) ▲ She will have seen much of the world by that time. (경험) ▲ He will have been in Seoul for a year by next month. (계속) ▲ He will have left our home by this time tomorrow. (결과) Q1. He _________ the book twice if he reads it again. (A) will read (B) reads (C) will be reading (D) will have read Q2. By the time Juan gets home, his aunt __________ for Puerto Rico. (A) will leave (B) leaves (C) will have left (D) left Q3. She will _________ in hospital for a month by next Sunday. (A) be (B) is (C) have been (D) have being ♧ ago / before 1. ~ ago '..전에' : 현재가 기준 (과거시제 동반) She graduated from college two days ago. 2. ~ before '..전에' : 과거가 기준 (과거완료 동반) She had graduated from college two days before she went back to her parents house. Q1. The bus _________ at the terminal two hours ago. (A) arrived (B) has arrived (C) had arrived (D) is arrived Q2. Her husband had been killed many years _________. (A) since (B) ago (C) before (D) from now ♧ 시간. 조건의 부사절 (I) : 시간. 조건의 부사절에서는 현재시제가 미래시제를 대신한다. You must wait here until he comes back. (시간의 부사절) Do you mind if I open the window. (조건의 부사절) ※ after, before, while, when, as soon as, once, if, etc. cf. Tell me when he returns (부사절) Tell me when he will return. (부사절) Q1. We can do nothing until she ___________ here tomorrow. (A) is (B) will be (C) shall be (D) is being Q2. We will be having dinner when she __________ tomorrow evening. (A) will come (B) come (C) comes (D) coming Q3. I would like to know when she _________ home. (A) will stay (B) stays (C) will have stayed (D) wil be staying Q4. Phone me next week unless you ___________ otherwise. (A) will hear (B) are hearing (C) hear (D) heard Q5. He will enter upon his duties as soon as his health will be restored. ♧ 시간. 조건의 부사절 (II) : 시간. 조건의 부사절에서는 현재완료가 미래완료를 대신한다. She will leave if the rain has stopped by tonight. I will go out when I have finished this work. ※완료된 시간 개념에 따라 단순 현재시제와 혼용할 수도 있다. I will visit you after he leaves. (종속절 자체의 미래 시점만 강조) I will visit you after he has left. (주절보다 앞선 시점을 강조) Q1. We can go when the ground _________. (A) is drying (B) has dried (C) dried (D) dry Q2. After you _______ the magazine, please lend it to me. (A) will read (B) will have read (C) read (D) have read ♧ 시제의 일치 1. 주절의 동사가 현재 또는 미래이면 종속절의 시제는 제한이 없다. I think that it is [was, will be] cold. 2. 주절의 동사가 과거(완료)이면 종속절은 과거(완료)형이 되어야 한다. I thought that it was [had been, would be] cold. 3. 에외 ( 일반적 진리는 현재시제로 He said the earth is round. / He said knowledge is power. He said the earth is round. / He said knowledge is power. ( 상습적 습관. 관례는 현재시제로 He said he gets up late. / I asked when the ship always starts. ( 종속절의 내요이 여전히 현재.미래 사실일 때 He said he lives now in Pusan. He said he will go shopping tonight. ( 역사적 사실은 주절의 시제에 상관없이 과거시제로 We learned that the Civil War broke out in 1861. ( 비교의 부사절에서는 시제의 제한이 없다. It was colder yesterday that it is today. Q1. Mr. Smith told me that he ________ been to Japan. (A) has (B) would have (C) had (D) was Q2. I was about to ask you whether she ________ or not. (A) will return (B) is returning (C) returns (D) returned Q3. He indicated to me that he will give it to whoever cam first. ♧ 시제의 평행 등위접속사 구문에서 각 등위절은 일련의 연속된 동작.상황을 설명할 때 시점의 차이가 있더라도 동등한 시제를 유지한다. ( She was born in 1910 and died in 1990. (과거시제 + and + 과거시제 ) ( I had got a car but (had) sold it later. (과거완료 + and + 과거완료) Q1. Midnight ________ : the priest did not appear. (A) had passed (B) passed (C) has passed (D) would pass Q2. The Smiths had left for America and the house was empty for ages. ( 연 습 문 제 1. Before becoming President in 1928, Herbert Hoover __________ as Secretary of Commerce. (A) has served (B) was served (C) had served (D) was reading 2. The Earth's population since the Second World War__________. (A) doubled (B) has doubled (C) will double (D) doubles 3. We should find a solution before things ________________. (A) get worse (B) will get worser (C) get worser (D) serving 4. When the telephone rang, he _____________ a novel. (A) read (B) will read (C) is reading (D) getting worse 5. She __________ in Seoul for five years by next April. (A) lives (B) will live (C) will be living (D) will have lived 6. He __________ from college in 1976. (A) is graduated (B) has graduated (C) graduated (D) will graduate 7. Allen will soon graduate. He __________ toward his degree for years, (A) used to work (B) has been working (C) worked (D) had worked 8. Parker was a methodical man who _________ his mail every day,. (A) answered (B) is answering (C) has answered (D) answers 9. All experienced hunters know that wild animals became particularly restless before the onset of a storm. 10. She served as manager of the Cleveland Orchestra since four years. 11. New York City has been the capital of New York State until 1797, when the state capital was moved to Albany. ( 독 해 연 습 1. A brave and honest man will speak out without fear of the consequences, while a timid man will keep silent at the time of danger, or may even tell falsehood for fear of some harm coming to him. ⊙ 결과를 두려워하지 않고 : 2. Millions of people of all ages in countries all over the globe are working.to perfect their abilities to communicate in English. Even the Russians and the Chinese depend on English for carrying out their propaganda programs. ⊙ 영어로 의사소통하는 능력을 완벽하게 하다 : 3. The London policeman, huge, pacific, and friendly, is famous even among those who have never seen England. The absence of a sword and a gun emphasizes his power of peaceful persuasion. ⊙ 칼이나 총이 없는 것 : ⊙ 평화적 설득력 : 4. She took a Ting off her finger and gave it to him. "Take this ring," she said. "When you lose it, or give it away, that will be the end of our love. " "When this ring parts from my hand, " answered Bassanio, "then life will have parted from me. I shall be dead. " (Stories from Shakespeare) 5. The sun has been giving off light and heat for millions of years, and scientists believe that it will continue to do this for millions of years to come. ⊙ 빛을 발산하다 : ⊙ 앞으로 수백만년 동안 :