2 장 :  준 동 사 : 부정사. 동명사. 분사
⊙ 기본적 동사기능은 하지만 정동사와는 달리 주어의 인칭과 수에 따라 어형이 변화하지는 않는다.   ◈ Brown is eager to please his wife.

1. 부정사
* 부정사의 명사기능
 
1) . to-부정사는 명사처럼 주어. 목적어. 보어. 동격이 될 수 있다.
i.  To know oneself is not easy. (주어)
ii.  I hate to do this, but... (목적어)
iii.  His desire is to be a pilot. (보어)
iv.  His desire, to be a pilot, never came true. (동격)
 
2) . 의문사 + to-부정사 : 명사기능을 한다.
i.  When to begin is important. 		(주어)
ii.  I don't know when to start. 		(목적어)
iii.  The difficulty was which way to choose. 	(보어)

Q1.  __________________ to make pleasant conversation with people you 
 have just met.
(A)  Difficult	(B) It is difficult	(C) It is 		(D) Is difficult

Q2. It's becoming more important for us to know ___________ a computer.
(A)  using	(B) to use		(C) having used	(D) how to use

* 부정사의 형용사 기능 (1)  : 한정적 용법 - 명사를 수식함.
 
(1)  주어관계 : 수식받는 명사가 부정사의 주어
 I have no friend to help me.
(2)  부정사의 목적어 관계 : 수식받는 명사가 부정사의 목적어
 He bought a book to read. 
(3)  전치사 목적어 관계 : 수식받는 명사가 전치사의 목적어
 I had a spoon to eat with.
(4)  동격 관계 
 Give me your promise never to smoke.

Q1. I want something ________ ; any pen or pencil will do.
(A)  to write	(B) to be insisted	(C) to insist	(D) who insist
Q2. Every citizen should try to make the city a good place which to live.





* 부정사의 형용사 기능 (2)  : 서술적 용법 - 동사의 보어가 됨
 
(1)  불완전 자동사(seem, prove, grow, happen, etc.)의 주격 보어
 The news proved to be false.  I happened to meet her.
(2)  불완전 타동사(think, believe, imagine, etc.)의 목적격 보어
 We believe him to be cruel.  	  I thought her to be unkind.
(3)  be + to-부정사 : 예정. 의무. 가능. 운명. 소망 표시
 We are to obey the law. (의무)	Not a star is to be seen. (가능)

Q1. Nothing was _____________ but waves and gulls.
(A)  to be seen	(B) to see		(C) be seen	(D) could be seen

Q2. There happened ___________ nobody in the office.
(A)  to being	(B) being to 	(C) that was	(D) to be

* 부정사의 부사 기능 (1) : 부사처럼 동사. 형용사. 다른 부사를 수식한다.
 
(1)  '..을 하기 위해 ( = in order to / so as to) ' (목적)
 We eat to live, not live to eat.
(2)  '..해서, ..하니, ..하고는' (원인)
 I was happy to hear the news.
(3)  '..하다니' (이유) - 주로 성질형용사가 쓰인다.
 He must be crazy to say so.
(4)  '그리고 (=and) : 그러나 (=but)' (결과)
 He awoke to find him dead.  (=and)
 I worked hard only to fail. (=but)
(5)  '만약 ..한다면 (=if)' (조건)
 I'd be glad to help you.
(6)  '..에도 불구하고 (=though)' (양보)
 To do my best, I couldn't help it.

Q1. She has been to Italy _________ music.
(A)  to study	(B) for studying	(C) to studying	(D) studying

Q2. Mr. Smith hurried to Seoul Station only to missing the train.

* 부정사의 부사 기능
(7)  '...하기에, ...하기가' (지정)
 The book is easy to read.	The river is dangerous to swim in.
(8)  기타 관용구
 be eager [anxious] to '...하기를 바라다, 갈망하다'
 be apt [liable, likely, inclined] to '...하는 경향이 있다'


Q1. The bread is not good __________.
(A)  for eating	(B) to be eaten	(C) to eat		(D) eating

Q2. The lake is impossible to swim, and we would rather stay at home.

Q3. The applicants are anxious to knowing the result of their examination.

* too ~ to + 동사원형 & enough to + 동사원형
(1)  too ~ to + 동사원형 '너무 ~해서 ..할 수 없다.'
 She is too tired to walk.
* not too ~ to + 동사원형 '..할 수 없을 만큼 ~하지는 않다'
 He is not too old to swim. 
* too ~ not to + 동사원형 '너무 ~해서 ..할 수 있을 것이다'
 He is too wise not to catch it.
* too ~ for + 명사(형) : It's too hot for walking.
 
(2)  enough to + 동사원형 '..할 정도로 ..하다 ( = so[such] ~as to)'
 She is rich enough to / so rich as to keep a maid.

Q1. Bacteria are _________ small to be seen without a microscope.
(A)  so		(B) far too		(C) as far		(D) enough

Q2. Yesterday's temperature was too hot to turn on the air conditioning.

* 부정사의 부정
 to-부정사의 부정
 to-부정사를 비롯한 준동사의 부정은 그 앞에 not / never를 둔다.
 He told me not to be so noisy. (to-부정사 부정)
 I suggested your not smoking. (동명사 부정) 

Q. He cannot afford to buy a car, and finally has decided __________.
(A)  not	(B) not to		(C) to not		(D) not to do