6 장 :  접  속  사

I.  등위 접속사 and
 
1.  기능: 동시성/ 결과/ 양보/ 연속성/ 대조/ etc.
 He walked and talked. '걸어가면서 말하다' (동시성)
 She was sick and took some medicine. '아파서 약을 먹다' (결과)
 
2.  '명사+and+명사'가 단일개념일 때는 단수취급
 Bread and butter is fattening. 
 
3.  and that '더우기, 그것도'
 He speaks German, and that fluently.
 
(1)  I want you to do this work, and ________ promptly.
(A)  this	(B) such	 	(C) so		(D) that
 
(2)  3Cayenne pepper comes from the seed-pod, which is dried or then ground.

II.  등위 접속사 but
 
1.  but : 두 어구나 절을 강하게 대조시킨다.
 My mother went, but I did not.
 
i.  Not A but B 'A가 아닌 B'
 The desk is not red but black.
ii.  but 대용 접속부사: yet, though, nevertheless, none the less, etc.
 I'm tired, yet I can't sleep.
 
2.  for : 앞 절에 대해 추가적인 설명을 한다. '왜냐하면'
 It's morning, for the birds are singing.

III.  등위 접속사 or / as well as
1.  or : 선택해야 할 어구나 절을 연결.
i.  동격- '즉, 바꿔말하면' : Siam ,or Thailand 
ii.  '그렇지 않으면 (=otherwise)' : Hurry up, or you'll be late.
iii.  '...하건 ...하건' : Rain or shine. I'll go.
 ◈ He or I am to blame. (동사는 or 뒤의 명사에 일치)


2.  A as well as B  'B뿐만 아니라 A도'
i.  인칭.수는 A에 일치 : I as well as you was wrong.
ii.  본동사를 연결할 때 B는 동명사로 : He swam as well as singing.
◈ as well as + 주어 + 동사 '..만큼' (동등비교)
	 He swam as well as he sang. '노래하는 것 만큼 수영도 잘했다.'

(1)  A knot is a joining of two pieces of rope __________ of cord.
(A)  with	(B) or		(C) for 		(D) either

(2)  She's got a cleaning job at night as well working during the day.


IV.  등위 상관 접속사
 
1.  either A or B 'A,B둘 중 하나' (동사는 B일치)
 Either you or she is to decide.
2.  neither A nor B 'A, B 둘 다 ... 아니다'
i.  동사는 B에 일치 : Neither Tom or I am to blame.
ii.  neither A nor B = not either A or B
 She cannot either write or read.
3.  not only A but (also) B 'A뿐만 아니라 B도'
i.  동사는 B에 일치 : Not only he but I am at fault.
ii.  not only를 강조하면 문두에 (이 경우 주어.동사 도치)
 He not only teaches English but also writes many novels. 
 ☞ Not only does he teaches English .....   
4.  both A and B
 This book is both agreeable and instructive.

(1)  Neither Russia nor the U.S __________ able to find a solution.
(A)  were	(B) was		(C) be		(D) have been

(2)  Both the sales or the profit are expected to increase in the future.
 
(3)  Not only did he arrived rather drunk but he also was late for work.

V.  종속 접속사 (명사절 / 형용사절 유도)

1.  명사절 (Noun Clause) : 주어, 보어, 목적어, 동격
 That he's guilty is certain. (주어)
 The trouble is that we are out of money. (보어)
 Ask him whether he like you or not. (동사 목적어)
 It depends on who died. (전치사 목적어)
 The rumor that she returned is ill-founded. (동격)

2.  형용사절 (Adjective Clause) : 명사를 수식하는 절
 The day after I came was cloudy.

(1)  ________ she got married is still unknown to us.
(A)  When	(B) Though	(C) Because	(D) As

(2)  I am of the opinion _________ he is still alive.
 (A)Which	(B) that		(C) of that		(D) whether

VI.  종속 접속사 (부사절(1) : while , every time)

1.  while
i.  '...하는 동안에'
 Make hay while the sun shines.
ii.  '...에 비하여(=whereas), 한편'
 He drives to school, while I always walk.
iii.  '....하지만, 할지라도 (=although)'
 While she hates English, she makes good marks in it.
 
2.  every (each) time '...할 때마다 (=whenever)'
 Every time I looked at him, he was yawning.

(1)  Mary listened to the radio ________ she studied.
(A)  during	(B) that 		(C) while		(D) because

(2)  Small parrots lay ten eggs each season, _________ large parrots lay only one.
(A)  when	(B) otherwise	(C) for		(D) whereas
 
VII.  종속 접속사 (부사절(2) : so ~ that 구문)

1.  so + 형용사(부사)
 so + 형용사 + 부정관사 + 명사        + (that) '너무 ...해서 ...하다'      
 such + 부정관사 + 형용사 + 명사 

He's so dishonest (that) no one believes him.
He's so dishonest a boy (that) no one believes him.
He's such a dishonest boy (that) no one believes him.

i.  명사에 부정관사가 없을 때는 such ~ that 만 가능.
 Thay're such stupid students that I hate them.
 
ii.  ~ such that '너무도 대단해서 ...하다 (= ~so great that)'
 His joy was such that he shed tears. (= Such was his joy that..)
 
iii.  주절이 부정이면 종속절부터 번역 '..할 만큼 그렇게 ..하지 않다'
 He's not so old that he cannot walk.
 (=He's not so old but he may walk.)

(1)  Joan is ________ that she is popular with everyone.
 (A)  so kind girl 		(B) so a kind girl	
(C)  such a kind girl		(D) such kind girl

(2)  She overslept and was such late that she missed the bus.

VIII.  종속 접속사 (부사절(3) : lest ~ should / as far as / as long as구문)

1.  lest ~ should (동사원형) ' ..하지 않도록, ...일 것에 대비하여'
 (= in case ~ should [직설법현재] / for ~ fear ~ should [직설법현재])
 Be careful lest you (should) fall. '넘어지지 않도록 조심해'
 cf. In case I'm late, leave without me.
2.  as (so) far as
i.  '...하는 한' : As far as I know, you are wrong.
ii.  '...까지' : The train goes as far as Boston.
3.  as (so) long as
i.  '...하는 한' : Any book will do as long as it's instructive.
ii.  '...동안에' : Stay here as long as you want to.
 
(1)  Take an umbrella with you ________ it rains.
(A)  unless		(B) in case	(C) for 		(D) as

(2)  _________ the industry is concerned, we're assured of the future.
(A)  As far as		(B) So that	(C) As if 		(D) If


IX.  종속 접속사 : 부사절(4)

1.  Suppose / supposing / provided / providing (that)
 Supposing you couldn't write, what would you do ?

2.  once '..하자마자, 일단 .. 한다면 (=if once)'
 Once you hesitate, you are lost.

3.  unless '만약 .. 아니라면 (=if ~ not)'
 Phone me next week unless you hear otherwise.

4.  on condition that '...라면 조건하에서'
 I'll undertake it on condition that you help me.
 
(1)  Any book will do _______ it is a mystery story.
(A)  but	(B) provided	(C) when		(D) without

(2)  You will fail ______ you work harder.
(A)  unless	(B) if		(C) as 		(D) should


X.  종속 접속사 : 부사절(5)
 
1.  because ... 때문에 (=since/ as/ now that/ seeing that )
 
i.  because 와 for
 for는 추가적인 설명, because는 직접적 이유
 . It's morning, for the birds are singing.
 . We came to a halt, because we had a flat tire.
 
2.  in that '...한 점에서, ... 하므로'
 Men differ from brutes in that they can think.
 
(1)  _________ it is ten o'clock, he will wait no longer.
(A)  For     	(B) While 	(C) As far as 	(D) Seeing that

(2)  Mercury differs from other industrial metals _________ it is a liquid.
(A)  whereas	(B) while	(C) in that		(D) because


XI.  종속 접속사 : 부사절 (6) - whether / if
   I asked whether (if) she would leave Seoul.

1.  whether만 가능한 경우
i.  or(not)이 올 때 : I don't care whether or not it rains.
ii.  주어. 보어절에서 : Whether it rains doesn't matter.
iii.  전치사 다음에서 : It depends on whether she is popular.

2.  If만 가능한 경우 : 종속절이 부정일 때
 I don't care if it doesn't rain.
 Cf. I doubt whether it won't rain. (주절이 I doubt이면 whether)

(1)  _________ your car breaks down or not doesn't concern me.
(A)  Whether	(B) When		(C) Where	(D) How

(2)  I don't know that the shops are open, but I have to buy a bag of rice.


XII.  간접 의문문

  1. 평서문에서의 어순: 의문문 + 주어 + 동사
 I don't know what her name is.
  2. 의문문에서의 어순
 Yes-No의문문이 아닌 경우에는 의문사를 문두에 가져와야 한다.
 . Do you know who stole the meat ? - Yes, I do. 
 >>>> Who do you think stole the meat ? - I think Tom did.
 
(1)  _________ do you think is the richest man in this town ?
(A)  Which	(B) Whom		(C) What 		(D) Who

(2)  Lasers are capable of measuring how far are other planets from the earth.


XIII.  기타 사항

1.  nor '그리고 또한 .. 아니다 (=and not)' (도치구문을 이끈다)
 It was bright, nor were there clouds above.
2.  형용사 / 부사 / 무관사명사 + as + 주어 + 동사 '...에 불구하고'
 Wise as he is, he will fail. (= Though he is wise...)
3.  Whether A or B : (1) 'A인지 B인지'  (2) 'A이든 B이든'
 Anyone can attend the meeting, (whether) rich or poor.

(1)  I will let him do it, _________ he likes it or not.
(A)  if 	(B) since		(C) what		(D) whether

(2)  We cannot conquer disease, and can we educate all humanity.

XIV.   투명한 문장 - 평행선 (1) 
     ◈ 두 개 이상의 어구나 절이 등위(상관) 접속사에 의해 연결될 때나 비교 구문에서 비교대상물의 문법적 범주.구조.형태 등을 서로 일치시킨다.

1.  등위접속사에 의해 연결될 때
 Jane is charming and has talents. (x)
 ☞Jane is charming and talented. (o) (형용사 + 형용사)
 
2.  상관접속사에 의해 연결될 때
 She died either of cancer or shock. (x)
 ☞She died either of cancer or of shock. (o) (句+句)
 
3.  비교구문에서 비교될 때
 To swim is as strenuous as walking. (x)
 ☞To swim is as strenuous as to walk. (o) (부정사 + 부정사)
(1)  The zircon occurs in many shades of red, green, and ________.
(A)  bluish	(B) blue		(C) blues		(D) blueness

(2)  After steel is tempered, it is especially hard, strength, and tough.

(3)  The elephant relies more on its sense of smell than for any other sense.

(4)  Writing a beautiful sonnet is as strenuous as to finish a 400-page novel.


XV.  투명한 문장 - 간결성

1.  불필요한 수식어는 피한다.
 He read the letter in a careless way (x) / carelessly. (o)
2.  같은 의미를 지닌 단어의 나열을 피한다.
 She returned back (x) / returned. (o)
3.  명사와 그 대명사를 함께 쓰지 않는다.
 My sons they (x) / My sons (o) advise me to leave.
 cf. They, my sons, advise me to leave. (동격)

(1)  He shall _______ as soon as the work is done.
(A)  return back	(B) returning	(C) be returned 	(D) return

(2)  During the prolonged celebration, the village bell was audible to the ear more than two miles away.

XVI.  투명한 문장 - 논리성

1.  수(數)의 일치
 All are not gold that glitters. (x)
 All is not gold that glitters. (o) (all이 무생물이면 단수취급)
 
2.  성(性)의 일치
 One should obey her parents. (x)
 One should obey his(one's) parents. (o) (one의 소유격은 his)
 
3.  정확한 격(格)의 사용
 He is the man who I spoke of. (x)
 He is the man whom I spoke of. (o) (of의 목적어 whom)
 
4.  정확한 품사의 사용
 The tree is twenty feet in high. (x)
 The tree is twenty feet in height. (o) (전치사의 목적어는 명사)
 
5.  문맥상 맞는 의미의 단어 사용
 The cash was paid on deliverance. (x)
 The cash was paid on delivery. (o)
 (deliverance '구출:해방' / delivery'배달')
 
6.  비교대상물의 일치
 My watch is as expensive as Tom. (x)
 My watch is as expensive as Tom's. (o)

(1)  Someone has left ______ books on the desk in my study.
(A)  their		(B) he		(C) his		(D) him

(2)  Everyone who visit the place will think himself knight errant on missions.

(3)  You can find that word in ________ dictionaries.
(A)  almost		(B) most 	(C) another	(D) much
 
(4)  He will appoint whomever he thinks can do the job most adequately.

(5)  He wore a dress that was far more attractive than the other boys.

(6)  We suffered from the hotness of summer.
























 ▶ 접속사 연습 문제

1. Fat is not digested in the stomach, _________ in the small intestine.
  (A) but	(B) and			(C) which	(D) although

2. She was soon out of breath, ________ she continued to run.
  (A) so	(B) but			(C) when	(D) as

3. Such was his kindness _________ we will never forget him.
(A)  so	(B) which		(C) that    	(D) and

4. An ultrasonic wave has ________ a high frequency that it is inaudible.
(A)  therefore		(B) above    	(C) such      	(D) thus

5.  A sneeze cannot be performed voluntarily, __________ be easily suppressed.
  (A) nor can it         		(B) and cannot it
(C)  nor it can                     (D) it cannot

6. Take care _______ you make a mistake of this kind.
(A)  unless    	(B) lest      	(C) as    	(D) for


7.  Bionics is not a specialized science moreover an interscientific discipline.

8.  My nose as well as my ears were bleeding when the doctor was brought in.

9.  He is very fat despite he doesn't eat large meals or drink heavily.

10.  Either the structure and the chemical composition of lamellae are complex.

11.  Because of its extra long nose, the anteater has and possesses a good sense of smell.

12.  German shepherd dogs are smart, alert, and loyalty.


 ▶ 독 해 연 습

1. The economic usefulness of a thing depends not merely on its own nature, but on the number of people who can and will use it.

2. One should endeavor to utilize all his spare time in either work or amusement, as time simply idled away is an absolute loss to both oneself and the public.




3. No one can doubt that it is the duty of men and women to think not of their own interests, but of the interests of those who are dependent upon them.

4. New York is incomparably the most expensive city in the world, not because prices are so high but because you cannot resist buying anything so long as you have a dime in your pocket.
 (a dime=10 cents / a nickel=5 cents / a quarter=25 cents. )

5. Just as the old have need of the energy of youth, so the young have need of the experience of old age.  What we all need, young	 and old alike, is a union of fiery impatience and snowy patience.

6. No sooner had I come into contact with him than I determined to get to know him well.  Never in my life have I been so strongly and immediately attracted to any personality, before or since.	(Isherwood)

7. In hospitals some patients die simply because they give up to their disease; while others get well, simply because they keep a strong will, and do not surrender.  Such power has the mind over the body.
(Notes) simply because=only because/The mind has such power over the body.

8. They bathed in a river pool so clear that you could see the sand shining silver at the bottom; and the spot was so lovely, so peaceful and remote, that you felt you could stay there for ever. (Maugham)


9. The whole character may be said to be comprehended in the term habits; so that it is not so far from being true that "man is a bundle of habits.
  (Notes) comprehend =understand

10. Much as we resemble one another we are none of us exactly alike, and I have seen no reason why I should not, so far as I could, choose my own course. (Maugham)

11. No matter what business you may be engaged in, you can by no means hope to succeed in it, unless you devote yourself to it body and soul.

12. Even after stone tools and weapons were invented, life was no easy matter. It was not until men learned to make things out of metal that they began to take first steps in civilization.

13.  One should not, they believe, express an excess of joy or satisfaction another person less fortunate should become aware of his own unhappy state.