Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Tatars and Tatarstan with Answers $Id: Tatar_FAQ,v 1.5 1996/10/15 17:58:24 iskender Exp $ Copyright (C) 1995-1996 by Iskender Agi and the contributors listed below. All rights reserved. Permission to copy or use this document without fee is granted pro- vided that: (1) it is not altered in any way without permission from the authors (2) such copying or use is not for commercial advantage, and (3) no portion of this document is incorporated into any other doc- ument for commercial advantage, and (4) this copyright notice remains with the document. Maintainer: Iskender Agi Major Contributors: (in alphabetical order) Inci Bowman Nermin Eren Rafek Hakim Alik Gilmullin Open Media Research Institute Ravil Selihmet Suyumbika Ziganshina This FAQ list is an attempt to provide a concise overview of Tatars and Tatarstan. It is in no way meant to be a comprehensive document. This document may and very possibly does contain errors. If you find any please notify Iskender Agi, and the correction will be made. The bulk of the Tatar FAQ was written by Ravil Selihmet with various sections written by others. The editing, compilation and formatting was performed by Iskender Agi. So, if you have a question or concern about content, please refer it to the right person. This FAQ was prepared using the Troff to HTML converter m2h. This FAQ is available on the World-Wide Web at the address http://www.csl.sri.com/~iskender/TMG/Tatar_FAQ.html Pointers to other Turkic pages including the archive of mail messages sent to the Tatar e-Mail Group (TMG) are available on the TMG Web page http://www.csl.sri.com/~iskender/TMG Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 2 1. What is the geography of Tatarstan? Located in the eastern portion of the East European Plain, Area: 68,000 sq.km. Longitude: 48-54' Latitude: 54-57'; Bordering Udmurt & Bashkirtistan Republics,Orenburg, Samara and Ulyanovsk Regions,Chuvash Republic. 1.1. What is the geographical makeup of Tatarstan? 4 large Rivers; Idil (Volga), Kama, Ak Idil (Belaya), Vyatka 2 Reservoirs: Kuibishev and Niznekamsk 1500 Small river & streams; 8000 lakes Land: 60% Partially wooded steppes, 16% forest, 6% flood plain, 18% water 1.2. What is the climate? Moderate , Continental: Avg. temp July 19' C; Jan. -13.5'' C; Precipitation 46.6 cm. 1.3. What is the population? As of 1992; 3,700,000 Ethnic Mix: 48.5% Tatar, 43.3% Russian, 3.7% Chuvash( Christian Tatars), Others 4.5 % Urban Population 73.4% in 19 Cities, Kazan, Capital 1.2 million, Challi (Naberejni Chelny) 600,000 Total Tatar Population in the CIS 6,648,800; In Russian Federation 5,522,000 2. What are the different Tatar groups (ethnography)? This may not be appropriate as we don't want to play into the Russian Divide and rule policy. However might be appropriate at a later date to come up with statistics as to how many Tatars live in Moscow, Siberia etc. From a post on TMG from Suyumbika Ziganshina ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : :Suyumbika Ziganshina, FSA Graduate Fellow We are all in the gutter, but: :Graduate School of Library & Info Science some of us are looking at the: :University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign stars. : :Telephone: (217) 332-5801 Oscar Wilde : : : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Bennigson & Wimbush (The post is not exact quotation. Some minor changes have been made.) (p. 231) Tiumen (tumen) and the Tobol Tatars: Self denomination "Tiumenli" and Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 3 "Tobolik". In 1926 there were 22,636 Tiumen and 32,102 Tobol Tatars. Tara Tatars, self-denomination Tarlyk (Darlik ?) In 1926 there were 11,517 Tara Tatars, in the valleys of Irtysh and Tara. Baraba Tatars, self-denomination Baraba, 7,528 in 1926. Bukharlyks, originally 15th and 16th century fur merchants from Cen- tral Asia and western Siberia. 11,659 in 1926. There are other groups there, the Volga Tatars, the Astrakhan Tatars, the Kasimov group and the Bashkirs (Bashqurts). Astrakhan Tatars, self denomination Karagashly, are mixtures of the Nogais and Astrakhan Tatars. They speak and write the same language as the Kazan Tatars. 43,000 in 1926. Kasymov Tatars are the refugees from Kazan Khanate who settled in Riazan in the 15th century under the leadership of Kasym Khan. 7,399 in 1897. Lithuanian Tatars also called Polish or Belorussian Tatars are descen- dants of the Nogai Ordu (Horde) to whom Grand Duke Vitautas applied for assistance in his struggle against the Teutonic Order. After the victory at Grunwald (1410) they were invited to settle in Lithuania. They speak mostly Polish but are Muslim. Probably around 5,000 left. Some migrated to the USA and live in Brooklyn :-).. The largest groups is probably the Volga Tatar group. [Mine: Volga seems to be corruption of Bulgar (Bolgar).] Volga Tatars proper, also called Kazan Tatars. Before the revolution they called themselves 'Turks' and in some cases Bulgars. They are descended from the Volga Bulgars, of turkicized Eastern Finns and of the Golden Ordu Turkic tribes. They range in ethnic type from the purely Finnic (blond and blue eyed) to the mongoloid type resembling Kazakhs. Mishars, turkicized Eastern Finns (Meschera and Mordvinians). They preserve their Finnic ethnic type and speak a western dialect of Kazan Tatars. About 200,000 in 1912. Teptiars, Volga Tatars who migrated east after the Russian conquest of Kazan and settled among the Bashkirs. Their dialect is a mixture of Tatar and Bashkir. 300,000 in 1912. Kryashans, Volga Tatars converted to Christianity, mainly during two campaigns. One in the late 16th century in which Muslim Tatars and animist Turks and Finns were converted. The second in the first half of the 18th century, during the reign of Tsarina Anna, when a large number of Muslim Tatars were forced to convert. They've been assimi- lating continuously. Probably no more than 250,000 presently. Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 4 (p. 234) The ancestors of the Volga Tatars attained a high level of urban civi- lization in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries and their culture was not destroyed either by the Mongol invasion of the 13th century or by the Russian conquest of the 16th. In the 19th century the Tatar cities of Kazan, Orenburg, Troitsk, and Astrakhan ranked among the great cul- tural centers of the Islamic world. This background explains the Tatar community's exceptional capacity for survival. Not only has it resisted pressure over centuries aimed at their assimilation by the Russians, but they even succeeded in con- verting to Islam and Tatarizing some Eastern Finns (Udmurts, Maris, Mordvinians) and Christian Turks (Chuvash). The exact number is not known but is certainly considerable. This process was especially strong between 1905 and 1928. At the same time, the Tatars are the only Muslim Turkic nationality which, because of its diaspora, is being linguistically being assimilated by Russians. (p. 241) Bashkirs: 1,371,000 in 1979. The ancestors of the northern and western Bashkirs were Ugrian or Finnic tribes, turkified and islamized during the period of the Golden Ordu and the Kazan Khanate. The southern and eastern Bashkirs are descendants of the Turkic tribes closely related to Kazahs and Nogais. Krimchak: The Krimchak Jews (called Krimtschaki in Russian) are one of the smallest and least-known Jewish groups. The Krimchaks were rab- binical Jews who lived on the Crimean peninsula (especially in Kaffa). Important settlements of Krimchaks began in the 16th century. They spoke a form of Crimean Tatar. In 1926 there were 6000 speakers of the Krimchak language. Today, there are virtually none. The Krim- chaks did not know the Hebrew language but they did use the Hebrew script. Their occupations were primarily farming and crafts. The exact origins of the Krimchak Tatars are unclear. (contributed by Kevin Brook ) ======================================================================== Kevin Brook P.O. Box 1631, 1150 Douglas Pike, Smithfield, RI 02917 Bryant College Class of 1997 kbrook@acad.bryant.edu ------------------------------------------------------------------------ http://acad.bryant.edu/~kbrook/khazaria.html ======================================================================== 2.1. Who are the Crimean (Kyrym) Tatars? The following is bibliographic essay by Nermin Eren , annotated by Inci Bowman . The Crimean Tatar cultural history is little known in the West due to the lack of enough sources. In fact, as Allan W. Fisher wrote, Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 5 "...there is no account in any language of the history of Crimean Tatars from their first appearance in Crimea until today" (_The Crimean Tatars_, p. xii). However, Western scholarship is not com- pletely uninformed about the Crimean Tatars, largely due to the forcible removal of the Crimean Tatars from their homeland which took place in 1944. Besides the articles concerning the deportation, several major studies (published books and dissertations) provide useful information about Crimean Tatar cultural and political history. The first pioneering study _ The Russian Annexation of the Crimea 1772-1783_ (Cambridge at the University Press, 1970) by Alan W. Fisher contains detailed research based on Russian and Ottoman archival docu- ments as well as primary and secondary sources relating to the sub- ject. The study covers the political events from 1772 to 1783, and is an objective and reliable source for understanding not only the Crimean Tatars, but also the rivalry between the Russian and Ottoman empires, which deeply affected the people of the Crimean peninsula and the adjacent areas. The second study, _The Crimean Tatars_ (Hoover Institution Press, 1978), by the same scholar, Alan W. Fisher, is a concise work on the political, economic, social and cultural life of the Crimean Tatars. The book begins with the origin of Crimean Tatar people and covers, with sufficient arguments, much of the history of Crimean Tatars until the end of 1960s. However, this concise history falls short of cover- ing the Crimean Tatar intellectual life during the period immediately after the annexation of 1783 and prior to the emergence of Ismail Bey Gaspirali and his newspaper "Terjuman" in 1883. As the author himself states, this is not without a reason since intellectual life of that period was not written, or documented by the Crimean Tatars them- selves. In other words, scholars do not have enough sources to evalu- ate the Crimean society from the end of the eighteenth and through most of the nineteenth centuries. The third study _Tatars of the Crimea. Their struggle for Sur- vival_ (Duke University Press, 1988), edited by Edward Allworth, is a clear narrative of the cultural and political history of the Crimean Tatars. It contains articles written by both specialists on the sub- ject and the Crimean Tatar intellectuals and dissidents living in the United States. In addition, invaluable original documents translated into English for the first time, make this book an indispensable source for the students of Crimean Tatar culture. The fourth study, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii and Muslim Modernism in Russia, 1878-1914" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1973) by Edward James Lazzerini, is a biography of Ismail Gaspirali, one of the foremost reformers of the Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire. It is also a detailed study of the "jadid" (reform) movement in Russia based on primary as well as secondary sources. In addition to this study, Professor Lazzerini published several articles in various journals and books on the subject of the "jadid" movement Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 6 and Ismail Gaspirali: "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali), the dis- course of modernism, and the Russians" in _Tatars of the Crimea_, edited by Edward Allworth (1988); "Gadidism at the Turn of the Twenti- eth Century: a View from within" in _Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovie- tique_ vol. XVI, # 2, (1957), pp. 245-277; "Ethnicity and the Uses of History: the Case of Volga Tatars and Jadidism" in _Central Asian Sur- vey_ vol. I, # 2-3 (1982), pp. 61-69. The fifth study,"National Movements and National Identity among the Crimean Tatars (1905-1916)" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Uni- versity of Wisconsin, 1990), by Hakan Kirimli is a good source for the political history of Crimean Tatars during the first decades of the twentieth century. _The Punished Peoples_ (W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1978) by Aleksandr M. Nekrich is a work written in Russian by Nakazannie Narodi (Izdatel'stvo Khronika, 1978), and immediately translated into English by George Saunders. The author, who served in the Soviet Army's polit- ical department during the second World War, was in the Crimea in 1944 and personally witnessed the deportation of Crimean Tatars. This work is an important source for that period and its aftermath. Comparatively few other works deal with the Crimean Tatars. _Soviet Zion_ (St. Martin's Press, 1994) by Allan L. Kagedan (although the subject is not the Crimean Tatars) covers the efforts of Crimean Tatar leadership (namely Veli Ibragimov) to prevent Jewish settlements in Crimea, planned by the central Soviet administration during the 1920s. Another source, _Ottoman Population, 1830-1914. Demographic and Social Characteristics_ (The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985) by Kemal H. Karpat partially deals with Crimean Tatar migration to the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. Particularly important for the study of Crimean Tatar immigration to the Ottoman empire are the two articles by Mark Pinson. The first article, "Ottoman Colonization of the Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria, 1854-1862" was published in _Proceedings of the Seventh Congress of the Turk Tarih Kurumu_ (1970), and deals with the settlement of Crimean Tatars in today's Bulgaria, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire prior to 1912. The second article, "Russian Policy and the Emigration of the Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire, 1854-1862," which appeared in two parts in _Guney Dogu Avrupa Arastirmalari Der- gisi_ (Istanbul University, I, 1972; II, 1973-74), covers the Tatar out-migration after the Crimean War (1853-56). Both articles are based on the author's unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, "Demographic Warfare --Aspects of Ottoman and Russian Policies, 1854-1866" (Harvard University, 1970). Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 7 3. What is the history of the Tatars? In the middle of the 5 th. century after the death of Atilla, the Great Hun Empire began to disintegrate into several Turkic Kingdoms among them in the 7 th. century the Kingdom of Great Bulgaria.This kingdom was short lived and upon the death of its ruler Kubrat Han they splintered into two nations, one under the khan's younger son Asparuh Han moved to what is now known as Bulgaria, associated with the Slavic Tribes and established the Bulgarian Kingdom in 681 AD. The other under the two elder sons Batbay and Kutrag intermingling with Khazar and Alan tribes remained in the Eastern part of the European Plains.A portion of these in the 8 th. century moved to what is now Tatarstan/Bashkirtistan associating themselves with other Turkic and Ugro-Finnic Tribes established the feudal Bulgar State in the IX-X Century. The state traded with Central Asia & China. On June 16?, 922AD the Bulgars converted to Islam and the old Turkic Script was replaced by the Arabic Alphabet. The inhabitants were talented in artisan- ship,agriculture and commerce and had great ability in forming cities. In 1236AD Bulgar was conquered by the Mongolian Batu Khan and became part of the Golden Horde. However it did not lose entirely its inde- pendence, resurrected its economy and culture and was first in the moulding of cast iron. The weakening of Bulgar Khanate due to intense fights for leadership prompted many to move west to the more tranquil area of Kazan and in the 1430-40's after the fall of the Golden Horde several Tatar States were formed consisting of the Kazan, Crimean, Kasym, Sibirean and Astrakhan Khanates and these were further compli- mented by Mari-Udmurts, Kipchaks and Nogais. The XV and the first half of the XVI centuries saw the growth of the Kazan Khanate, also known as Bulgars or Tatars (named for Turkic Tribes forced to fight in the forefront of Genghis Khan's armies)[Historian Ravil Fahretdinov in Azat Hatun, July 84]. Suyum bike Tower the symbol of Tatarstan built by Queen Suyumbike over the grave of her husband Safa Girey(Has a lean of 194 cms). Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible forces in Oct. 14, 1552. 1593 Tsar Feodor Ivanovich orders the destruction of all Mosques in Kazan Land. 1708 Kazan Province established by Peter 1 1766 Catherine the Great rescinded the law on building mosques. At the end of the last and early part of this century saw the awaken- ing of the long dormant national identity, progressive religious out- look, emphasis on modern education, increase in publication and gen- eral political activity. With the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 and during the early stages of the Communist Revolution, Lenin encouraged among the Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 8 Muslims, religious freedom and national identity-albeit within the Communist framework., Tatarstan together with Bashkirtistan and part of the present day Orenburg oblast took advantage and in a combined National Assembly(Mejlis) on November 19, 1917 formed the Idil-Ural State that encompassed 220,000 sq. kms of what is now Tatarstan and Bashkirtistan.This was met with violent opposition of both Lenin and Stalin. To prevent this brotherly unity the Soviets first in March 23, 1919 formed the Bashkir Autonomous Republic and subsequently on May 27, 1920 the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic arresting the participants and redrawing or as per Soviet Media "rounding off" the natural borders to the benefit of the Russian Oblasts(Provinces). With this surgical move 75% of the Tatar population found itself liv- ing outside the borders of Tatarstan. 1920's Mass purges eliminated all members of the Tatar Government and the greater part of the inteligentia. Intermittent bloody purges con- tinued until the death of Stalin while systematic Russification con- tinued unabated until the end of the Brejnev era. The economic repression and the building of industrial complexes such as Magnito- gorsk forced Tatars to leave their homeland, the void was filled by Russians, Ukrainians and others in the building of the Kamaz Auto Com- plex. Tatar Parliament unanimously declared Tatarstan's Sovereignty on Aug.30, 1990. April 1991 Tatar Parliament asserted the supremacy of Tatar legisla- tion over Russian where the two were in conflict. March 21, 1992 in a Referendum on Tatarstan's sovereignty, witnessed by International observers, with 81.6 of eligible voters voting was approved by a margin of 61.4 percent to 37.2 percent of the eligible voters. 4. What kind of government does Tatarstan have? Sovereign State, subject of international law associated with Russian Federation-Russia on the basis of Treaty about mutually delegated rights and objects of treatment. 4.1. Who is the President of Tatarstan? Mintimer Shaimiev reelected President by 91.2% of voters March 13,1994 4.2. When were the last parliamentary elections held? Parliamentary elections for 130 seats with 59.78% participation held on March 5, 1995 Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 9 4.3. Who are the people in the Government? [Many of these should be updated] Mintimer Sharip uli Shaimiev President Secretary Tel: 32-74-66 Vasili Lihachev1 Vice President Tel:32-05-90; Telex: 32-75-36 Farid. H. Mukhamedshin Prime Minister M. H. Hasanov Vice Prime Minister Ravil Fatihali Muratov Vice Prime Minister Fatih Sibgatullin Minister Food & Agriculture Timur Yuriuli Akulov Adviser to President Rafael Khakimov Adviser to President Tel:(8432)36-58-76; Telex: 32-33-62 Askhat Safarov Adviser to President Khafizov, Rustam Chairman of the legislative committee of the Supreme Soviet Ilgiz Khairullin Deputy Prime-Minister Silza Khamidullin Vice-President Mansur Khasnullin Deputy Prime-Minister Sergei Kirillov Interior Minister (Major-Gen.) Kamil Shamilyevich Iskhakov Chairman of Kazan City Council Tel: (7-8432) 32-7O-6O Karimullin Chairman of Tatarstan's branch of Russian Ministry of Security (former KGB) Alexandr Lozovoi Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Zila Valieva Deputy Chairman of the presidium of Tatarstan's Supreme Soviet 5. What does Tatarstan produce and who does it trade with? [Mostly 1991 Statistics] 5.1. Resources Oil & Natural Gas 1600 million tons Bitumen Oil 12500 " " Gypsum 72 " " 5.2. Industry Largest: Kamaz Auto Works, Tatneft & Kazanorgsintez-Petrochemical Com- plexes, Kompressormash-Compressors, Tasma-film & Military ____________________ 1 Per last election he is Speaker of the House don't know if he is VP Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 10 5.3. Industrial Complexes (w/18 major conversions to civilian use) Type % of Output % of Labor Mechanical -Engineering 34.8 55.9 Light & Food Industry 23.1 13.6 Chemical & Petrochem 21.7 12.2 Oil Production 7.4 4.8 Elec. Energy 4.6 2.3 5.4. Types of Manufacturing Vessels, aircraft (Il 62,Tu 160 & Tu22M3)), heli- copters(Mi8,Mi8MTV,Mi17), Airplane engines(Tu 174), Large compressors, Electronic, Optical, Rubber, special oil byproducts, Medical goods, Oil field & Chemical Equipment & Instruments Production for 1991 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Electrical Power- Thermal 36,050 MK/hr Hydro 1.448 Heat Energy 45,018 thous. GC Natural Gas 1,202 million CBM Oil 33,055,000 tons ( Approx 50% of Kuwait's output) Polyethylene 322,293 tons ( 34% of Soviet production) Synt. Rubber 427,954 tons (Butylene 75%,Isoprene 40% Soviet Prod) Pipes, thermoplastic 34,102 tons(34 % of Soviet Production) Carbon 60,723 tons Film & Mag. Tape 2,918 million m. (654 + 2264)(46% & 23% of Sov.Prod) Tires 12,211,400 (25% of Soviet Production) Trucks 66,932(50% of Soviet Production) Paper & Cardboard 98,857 Tons (25786 + 73071) Meat & Byproducts 194,300 Tons Grain 3,600,000 Tons Flour 1,063,774 Tons Milk 1.600,000 Tons Milk byproducts 487,181 Tons Potatoes 1,500,000 Tons Sugar Beet 800,000 Tons Meat 270,000 Tons 5.5. Trade Imports: Clothes, Food,Raw Material for light & chem. indus- try,Telephone & Medical Equipment($ 187 million outside CIS & Rus.Fed) Exports: Oil, synthetic rubber, styrene, polyethylene, chemicals, Tires, helicopters watches, Optical, trucks and Instruments($761 Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 11 million outside CIS/R.F) Major Partners (Outside Russian Fed.) US 25%, Germany 13.2%, Turkey 12.3% 5.6. Other statistical data Schools 2387 Voc/Tech Schools 170(105 + 65) PreSchool 6800 University/Institutes 17 Scientific Research 80 Hospitals 296 Clinics 420 Sanatoriums 18 Nurseries 2556 Libraries 1798 Theaters 12 Philarmony 1 Museum/Exhibit Halls 53 Sport Complexes 772 Houses of Culture 2554 Transportation: Rail 900 Km Roads 16,600 Km Oil Pipelines 4130 Km Gas Pipelines 4,170 Km Navigable Rivers 976 Km Populated areas connected by air 19 Connections to approx. 70 cities within the Russian Federation and the CIS, International flights to Istanbul 5 flights a week. 6. How do I communicate electronically with people in Tatarstan? Area Codes: Kazan 8432 The e-mail address for Kazan State University is 6.1. How can I write in Tatar using the Latin alphabet? From a post by Alik Gilmullin . /_/ (0 0) ========================----oOO--(_)--OOo----===================== Alik Gilmullin Artificial Intelligence Lab Kazan State University Kazan, Tatarstan (gilmy@open.ksu.ras.ru) =================================================================== Dear tatarophiler! As known Latin alphabet contain 26 letter, but in Tatar Language there is at least 32 phonemes. So there is problem of precise and unique representation of the Tatar words on our computers. It is necessary for the right understanding, search operations and, finally, for the future of the Tatar Language. We offer this agreement. Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 12 ********************* Tatar e-mail alphabet ********************* ------------------------------ Tatar phonemes Examples and its average appearance in (if it's Tatar texts (%) necessary) ------------------------------- A 0.113 E 0.072 *ni (mother) N 0.070 E 0.068 *t (dog), b*r (one) I 0.066 bal*k (fish) R 0.064 L 0.063 K 0.056 T 0.050 I 0.042 k*tap (book), *ke (two) Y 0.033 ma* (oil) G 0.030 M 0.028 B 0.028 D 0.028 S 0.027 U 0.025 Sh 0.018 ko* (bird), bi* (fife) Z 0.016 C 0.015 ki* (evening) P 0.015 Ng 0.013 ta* (dawn) U? 0.011 k*l (like), but not "kul"(arm) O? 0.011 k*l (ashes), but not "kol"(slave) O 0.010 W 0.007 X? 0.006 *at (letter) May be X=H ? J? 0.005 *ey (summer) F 0.003 H 0.003 *em (and) V 0.002 *okzal (railway station) J ~ 0.001 *urnal (journal) P.S. The last two letters appear mostly in Russian loan words. P.P.S. Of course, this is only average texts statistics prepared by our group working on Tatar computer linguistics. So, we have following problems: - - Four vowels (E,I,U,O) and at least one consonant (in our case J) used twice. - - Two phonemes (Sh,Ng) consist of two Latin letters. There are a few ways to solve vowels problem = = "kol (ashes) - kol Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 13 (slave) problem": - - koel - kul (like in Germany) - - kol' - kol (make use of the sinharmony phenomena of Tatar by sign - - kol - qol (like in Yangalif,1929) - - kol - kol (no difference, recognition by context) and of course - - special drivers with required letters (we have it) - - UNICODE project (in the near future as we hope) 7. What are the major(?) publications in Tatarstan? 7.1. Newspapers There were approx. 200 newspapers in 1990, with many issued weekly or monthly. 7.1.1. Published in Tatar Vatanim Tatarstan 110,000(1994) Chief Editor M.A.Ehliullin, 420066 Kazan, Dekabrist Urami 2, Index 54123; Socio-Political Newspaper in Tatar Published 5 times weekly Tatarstan Haberleri 20,000(1992) Chief Editor Renat Haris, 420084 Kazan, Bauman Str. Tel:32-41-79 in Tatar Index 54129, Russian( Editor V. P. Alaev) Index 54130 Shehri Kazan 25,000(1995),Chief Editor Helim Gainullin, Kazan 420066 Chistai Urami 5 nji Yurt; Tel 42-98-55 in Tatar, Index 54126, founded by Kazan City Administration and Deputies, Tatarstan Yeshleri 240,000(1992)Chief Editor Ismail Sherefiev,Kazan 420066 Dekabrist Urami 2, Tel: 53-52-34, Socio-Political Newspaper in Tatar, Index 54121 Kizil Tan 117500(1990) Chief Editor ?, 450079 Ufa, Bashkirstan October Ave 13 Floor 6, in Tatar, by subscription only. 7.1.2. Published in Russian Izvestija Tatarstana, Chief Editor Yuri Laev Sovietskaya Tatarstan, Chief Editor E. A. Lisin Vechernaja Kazan, Chief Editor Khasbulat Shamsutdinov, Index 54125; Pro-Moscow Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 14 7.1.3. Smaller Newspapers [Some might have ceased publication] Donya(World) Chief Editor Rimzil Veli, former editor of Idel, 420060 Kazan, Soltangaliev Square # 1 Tel/Fax (8432) 36-75-74 3-4 issues printed in the Latin script adopted in 1928? and abolished by Stalin in the 1938's. Primarily directed to the Tatar Diaspora Tatar Ili (1992) Chief Editor Fuat Hamidullin, Kazan Lenin St. 17, Tel:38-65-23 in Tatar Index 54132, in Russian Index 54133 Idel-Ural 5000(1992) Editor Zamir Yakupov, Asst. Editor(s) Vildan Fatkullin, Majit Nugayev, Ufa, Pushkin St. 120 Suite 34 Tel: 23-53-38? Published in Tatar by the Tatar Democratic Group and Ufa Tatar Cul- tural Center Millet 10000(1991) Editor Faniye Hujiahmet, 420111 Kazan Lobachevski St. 6/27 Published in Tatar by the Tatar People's Center- Published monthly Izvestija TOS, 5000(1992) Editor R. Sadikov 420111 Kazan Lobachevski St. 6. Published in Russian by the Tatar People's Center and covers Politics, Economy and National Subjects. Suverenitet 10000(1992) Chief Editor A.H. Mannanov, 420021 Kazan Kayum Nasiri St. 15 K22, In Russian Index 54134 Publib-Political newspaper of the Democratic Sovereignty Movement. Tugan Yak 5750(1991) Editor R. F. Ibrahimov, Sergach, Nijnigorod Region, Sovetskaja St. 35 weekly in Tatar w/ some articles in Russian- targets Tatars in Moscow( Address 113134 Moscow, Mali Tatarski Pereulok 5-1) & Nijnigorod Region. 7.2. Magazines Kazan Utlari 10862(1994) Chief Editor Ravil Feyzullin 420066 Kazan Dekabristlar Urami 2 Tel:49-36-60, in Tatar published monthly. Index 73210. The oldest continually published magazine in Tatarstan Suyumbike(Former Azat Hatin) 39722(1995) Chief Editor R. R. Tufit- tulova 420066 Kazan Dekabristlar Urami 2 Tel: 53-38-75 Index 73002. Monthly in Tatar Published since 1926 Miras 4533(1994) Chief Editor Ahmet Sehapov 420066 Kazan Chistai Urami 5 Tel: 49-36-62. Index 73955. monthly publication in Tatar covering Social, Political and literary articles on Tatar life. Tatarstan 5077(1993) Chief Editor R. E. Mostafin 420066 Kazan Dekabristlar Urami 2 Tel:53-27-36 in Tatar & Russian(Approx 2500 copies in each language) Index 73377. Published since 1920 Socio- Political Publication Idel Chief Editor Faiz Zulkarnei 420012 Kazan Komlev Urami 14 Tel: Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 15 36-95-44 in Tatar 63244(1991) Index 73951 & Russian 11449(1991) Index73952. Magazine for the Youth published by the Writer's Union. Argamak Editor Aydar Halim in Tatar & Russian 8. Who are Tatarstan's prominent personalities? Writer Assoc. President: Rinat Muhammedi; Members: Mansur Sha- hapov,Zinnur Mansurov Writers, Deceased: Abdullah Tukay(1886-1913), Dertmend, Zahir Remiyev, Ayas Ishaki, Alimjan Ibrahimov, Hasan Tufan, Mehmet Galiev Writers, Living: Emirhan Yeniki, Arif Ahunov, Renat Muhammedi, Ildar Yusif, Shevket Galiev, Tufan Minullin, Gamil Afsal, Nurihan, Fetteh, Rinat Haris Kazan Teachers Institute Rector Ruzal Yusupov 1994 Kazan University Prof. Dilara Tumashova(Tatar Language), Prof. Talgat Galiullin,Prof. Mirkasim Osmanov Aksakal Shurasi(Elders Council) President- Rafik Nasibllauli Hemidullin, Members- Omer Bashirov, Emirhan Yenikei, Mahut Nigmet- janov, Mirkasim Osmanov, Mansur Hasanov, Ravil Fahretdinov, Genadi Pauskin Karimullin Abrar Gibadullovich-- Tatar writer, public figure 9. What are the prominent (and not so prominent) parties and associa- tions in Tatarstan? [Needs updating many from 1992] Tatar Ichtimagi Uzegi(Tatar People's Center) Rafik Abzanov-President Ittifak Partisi(National Freedom Party) Fevziye Fauizia Bairamova- Chairperson-Pro Independence Azatlik Komiteti(Freedom Committee)Rim Gilfanov or Ramai Yulda- shev(Arrested 9/15/93) or Akhmadishin, Talgat-President-Pro Indepen- dence Tatar Youth Organization Suvirenitet Komitesi(Sovereignty Committee)Amir Mahmudov-President Magarif Komitesi(Educational Committee) Rejuvenate Tatar Language Merjani Uyushmasi(Merjani Association) Zeki Zainullin - President - Cultural & Religious Affairs [forerunner of most political Associa- tions] Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 16 Grajdani Rosiski Federati(Citizen's of Rus.Fed) - Alexander Salagayev - Pro-Russia Org. Vatann Jemgiyeti(Homeland Association) President Remzil Veli, Vice Presidents -Ildus Sadik & Damir Gismetdin - Society promoting ties w/Tatar Diaspora [This info is from a post on TMG taken from from OMRI digest] Key Figures in Tatarstan LAST UPDATE: May 20, 1993 AKHMETOV RASHIT-------------- LEADER OF THE TATARSTAN BRANCH OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA BELYAEV VLADIMIR------------- MEMBER OF THE PRESIDENTIAL COUNCIL; LEADER OF THE 'SOGLA- SIE' MOVEMENT; CHAIRMAN OF THE TATARSTAN BRANCH OF THE PEOPLE'S PARTY OF FREE RUSSIA GRACHEV IVAN----------------- LEADER OF THE 'PEOPLE'S POWER' FACTION IN THE SUPREME SOVIET (NARODOVLASTIYE) (PRO-MOSCOW) ISKHAKOV DAMIR--------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE POLITICAL COUNCIL OF THE TATAR PUBLIC CENTER FANIL KHAZRET---------------- LEADER OF THE ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF TATARSTAN OROL'KOV ALEXANDR----------- LEADER OF THE YOUTH FACTION OF THE LOCAL CHAPTER OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA KUZNETSOV ANATOLIJ----------- CHAIRMAN OF OF THE KAZAN DIVISION OF THE 'RUSSIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY' (RUSSKOE SOBRANIE OR RUSSKIJ NA- TSIONAL'NIJ SOBOR ?) LATIPOV Z.------------------- MEMBER OF THE PRO-MOSCOW FACTION IN THE SUPREME SOVIET MAGDEYEV MUKHAMET SUNGATOVICH- TATAR WRITER, PUBLIC FIGURE MAKHMUDOV AMIR--------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE 'SOVEREIGNTY' COMMITTEE; DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF 'MILLI MEJLIS' MANSUROV NAIL---------------- ONE OF THE LEADERS OF 'TATAR- STAN' FACTION OF DEPUTIES IN THE SUPREME SOVIET (PRO- INDEPENDENCE) MIKHAILOV V.----------------- MEMBER OF THE PRO-MOSCOW FACTION IN THE SUPREME SOVIET MULUKOV MARAT---------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE TATAR PUBLIC CENTER (PUBLIC ORGANIZATION SIMILAR TO SAJUDIS IN PRE- INDEPENDENCE LITHUANIA) SALAGAYEV ALEXANDR----------- LEADER OF THE MOVEMENT 'CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION' (PRO- MOSCOW) Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 17 SAFIN RESHAT----------------- COLONEL IN RESERVE,HEAD OF THE 'NATIONAL GUARD'(NARODNOYE OPOL- CHENIE); DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE TATAR PUBLIC CENTER SAFIULLIN FANDAS------------- MEMBER OF THE PRESIDIUM OF TATAR- STAN'S SUPREME SOVIET SAFIULLIN ZHAMIL------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE TATAR PUBLIC CENTER'S BRANCH IN NABEREZHNYE CHELNY SHTANIN ALEXANDR------------- ONE OF THE LEADERS OF THE 'PEOPLE'S POWER' FACTION IN THE SUPREME SOVIET (NARODOVLASTIE) (PRO-MOSCOW) SULTANOV I.------------------ MEMBER OF THE PRO-MOSCOW FACTION IN THE SUPREME SOVIET TAHIROV INDUS --------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE WORLD TATAR CONGRESS USMANOV MIRKASIM A.---------- VICE-RECTOR OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY, PUBLIC FIGURE YUSUPOV R.A.----------------- LEADER OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY OF TATARSTAN ZAINULLIN ZAKI--------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE 'MARJANI' SOCIETY ZAINULLINA FLERA------------- DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE 'ITTIFAK' PARTY; DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE 'MILLI MEJLIS' (NATIONAL 'PARLIAMENT') The following list includes a brief description of political parties and movements in Tatarstan Autonomous Republic Center. ASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLES OF THE VOLGA REGION AND THE URALS founded in 1991; an umbrella organization uniting political and public organizations and groups of the formerly autonomous republics of the Volga-Urals area. Chairman-Gabdelbar Faizrakhmanov (deputy of the Milli Mejlis) tel. 32-43-27 ASSEMBLY OF THE TURKIC PEOPLES founded in 1991 in Kazan; chairman of the coordinating commit- tee--Rafael Mukhametdinov (tel. 32-32-86); deputy chairman-Sanya Akhmetova (tel. 32-73-9O). BULGHAR NATIONAL CONGRESS founded in 199O in Kazan; advocates the return to the Kazan Tatars of their historic name-Bulghars; about 7O members; publishes its own newspaper 'Bulghar ile' (Bulghar state); president--Gosman Khalilov (tel. 39-24-12). The organization has branches in such cities as Oren- burg, Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Kiev, Ulyanovsk. The local Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 18 organization in Kazan is called 'Bulghar al-Jadid' (founded in 1988; is a collective member of the Tatar Public Center; chairman--Rashit Kadyrov, tel. 75-53-43) CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION founded in 1991; about 5O members; chairman--Alexandr Salagayev (tel. 32-64-93) DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA (of Nikolai Travkin) Chairman of the Tatarstan branch--Rashit Akhmetov; HQs-42OO44 Kazan, Prospekt Yamasheva 3O (tel. 53-92-61) INITIATIVE CENTER OF THE PEOPLE'S FRONT OF TATARSTAN founded in 1988; chairman of the organizational committee-Albert Gatin (tel. 76-54-75); HQs- Kazan, Komleva Street 4 (tel. 36-93-74) ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC PARTY founded in 1991; chairman of the coordinating council--imam-khatib of the Moscow mosque Fanil Akhmadi LIBERAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTY (of Vladimir Zhirinovsky) chairman of the Tatarstan branch--Valery Gordeyev MARJANI SOCIETY founded in 1988; about 1OO members; president--Zaki Zainullin; HQs- Kazan, Komleva Street 14 (tel. 36-98-12) MILLI MEJLIS (national 'parliament') founded in 1992; chairman--Talgat Abdullin NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY 'ITTIFAK' founded in 199O; about 5OO members; chairman--Fauzia Bayramova (Naberezhnye Chelny) ORGANIZATION OF LEFT-WING SOCIALIST-ORIENTED FORCES founded in 1991; chairman--Victor Kudryavtsev (tel. 74-23-12; 74-14-94) PEOPLE'S PARTY OF FREE RUSSIA (of Alexandr Rutskoi) Kazan branch founded in 1991; about 5O members; leaders--Vladimir Belyaev (tel. 36-5O-11) and Yevgeni Bagayev REPUBLICAN PARTY OF TATARSTAN Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 19 founded in 1992; about 1OO members; chairman--Ruzal Yusupov (tel. 32-42-87) REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE PEOPLES OF TATARSTAN (former Social-Democratic Party); chairman--Alexandr Kuznetsov (tel. 36-74-21) SOVEREIGNTY COMMITTEE Chairman--Amir Makhmudov; HQs--Kazan, Kayum Nasiry Street 1/5 apt. 22 (tel. 32-95-64) TATAR PUBLIC CENTER The largest political organization in Tatarstan; founded in 1989; about 2OOO members in Tatarstan; has many branches in other cities; president-Marat Molukov; HQs--42OO111 Kazan, Lobachevsky Street 6/27 (tel. 32-45-37) founded in 199O in Kazan; about 300 members; president- Remzil Veli ; vice-president--Damir Gismetdin and Ildus Sadik Office Address 4200111 Kazan Lobachevsky Street 6/27 Tel: 32-63-77 & Tel/Fax 32-48-52 YOUTH FOR DEMOCRACY founded in 1991; about 6O members (mostly students of Kazan univer- sity); chairman--Niyaz Akhmadullin (tel. 32-38-33) 10. Who are the major religious figures in Tatarstan? Mufti Tatarstan -- Abdullah Galiulla Kazan Mufti European Russia & Siberia, Ufa -- Talgat Tadjetdin or Zamir Hayrullin? 11. What are the Tatar organizations outside of Tatarstan and how do I contact them? Tatarstan Legation-Moscow 107813 Moskva Sadovaya Chernagraski No: 10 Tel:095-9751736 Fax: 095-2072470 Tatarstan U. S. Representation Linar Nailuglu Latypov American Tatar Association 20-09 College Point Blvd. College Point, N. Y. 11356 American Turko-Tatar Association P.O.Box 1728 Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 20 Burlingame, CA 94010 12. What are some references to Tatars and Tatarstan? A SELECT BIB- LIOGRAPHY ON TATARS Version (1996-07-28) We are pleased to present below a select bibliography on Tatars, com- piled by Rafek Hakim, and revised and augmented by Inci Bowman. Addi- tional titles were provided by Michael Taylor and Nermin Eren. When- ever possible, we provided brief annotations in order to make the bib- liography more useful to our readers. Part I of the bibliography includes works on Tatar culture, his- tory, and social life, published in seven languages: 1) English [31], 2) Russian [14], 3) Tatar [9], 4) Turkish [12], 5) French [6], 6) Ger- man [2], 7) Finnish [1]. Part II includes dictionaries and language books, an additional 8 titles. The total number of entries at the present is 75. We invite members of TMG to participate in this project by send- ing us references not included in this bibliography. When submitting citations, please follow the format used here, as it would greatly facilitate their addition to the bibliography. Your comments and input are welcome. Rafek Hakim (rafek.hakim@mailbox.swipnet.se) Inci Bowman (inci.bowman@utmb.edu) 12.1. PART I. WORKS ON TATAR HISTORY AND CULTURE 12.1.1. Sources in English [31]: Allworth, E. Tatars of the Crimea. Their Struggle for Survival. (ed.) New York, 1987. The deportation of Crimean Tatars, their struggle to maintain their ethnic unity, the case of Mustafa Cemilev, and related official documents. Two chapters deal with Ismail Gaspirali. Allworth, E. Muslim Communities Reemerge. Historical Perspectives on (ed.) Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Durham and London, 1994. (Original German edition, Die Muslime in der Sowjetunion und in Jugoslawien, Identitat-Politik-Widerstand. Koeln, 1989.) Allworth, E. "Tatar Literature." In: Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, Vol. 4. New York, 1981. A brief general survey of literary works produced by Tatar Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 21 authors of the Volga region and Crimea. Akiner, S. Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union. London, 1983. A useful handbook on the history, demography, language, and religion of Islamic people living in Russia, Siberia, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia. Chapter 3 includes valuable information on Volga, Crimean, and Siberian Tatars. Benningsen, A. "Tatars," Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Ed. by Stephan Thernstrom. London, 1980. Bennigsen, A.& Muslims of the Soviet Empire. A Guide. Wimbush, S.E. London, 1985. The first part covers the history of Islam in Russia and Central Asia, and Islamic practices in Soviet Union. The second part is a handbook on various ethnic groups of Islamic faith. Chapter 9 deals with Tatars. Bennigsen, A.& Islam in the Soviet Union. New York, 1967. Lemercier, Q. Bennigsen Broxup, M. "Tatarstan and the Tatars." In: The nationalities question in the post-Soviet states (ed. Smith, G.). London, 1996, pp. 75-93. After a brief historical survey, this chapter looks at the recent changes in Tatarstan, up to the February 1994 treaty and the response to it. Bukharaev R. The Tatars in the Alien. Kazan, 1993. This short booklet was written to explain to western friends who the Tatars really are. He quotes extensively from mediaeval western sources. Comrie, B. The Languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge, 1981. Tatar is one of the 130 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union. Chapter 2 deals with Turkic languages. Devletshin, T. Cultural Life in the Tatar Autonomous Republic. New York, 1953. Fisher, A.W. Crimean Tatars. Stanford, 1978. The best source in English on the history of Crimean Tatars. It covers the Crimean Khanate, annexation by Russia, subsequent Russian administrations, deportation and the struggle for rehabilitation. Useful bibliography. Fisher, A.W. The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772-1783. Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 22 Cambridge, 1970. A scholarly work based on Russian and Ottoman documents and other sources, describing the political events that led to the annexation of Crimea. Hale'n, H. A Bibliographical Survey of the Publishing Activities of the Turkic Minority in Finland. Helsinki, 1979. Hostler, C.W. The Turks of Central Asia. Westport, CT, 1993. (Revised edition of Turkism and the Soviets, 1957.) Here the word "Turks" is used in a broader sense to designate those populations who speak Turkic languages. The first half of the work consists of a handbook on Turkic people. The second half deals with the Pan-Turkist movement in the Ottoman Empire and Russia. Useful bibliography. Ishboldin, V. Essays on Tatar History. New Delhi, 1953. Jalil M. Selected Poems. Moscow, 1981. (Russian/English) A brief biographical sketch and poems of this communist Tatar poet who was executed by the Germans during the Second World war for partisan activities. Karpat, K.H. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914. Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison, 1985. Part of the book deals with the migration of Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. Kirimli, H.S. National Movements and National Identity among the Crimean Tatars (1905-1916). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990. Landau, J.M. Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. London,1995. The first chapter shows the influence of Kazan and Crimean Tatars in the development of Pan-Turkism before the First World War. It also usefully distinguishes between Turkism and Pan-Turkism. The last chapter reviews the activities of the Turkish government in the Turkic world since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Lazzerini, E.J. "Ethnicity and the Uses of History: The Case of the Volga Tatars and Jaddism," Central Asian Survey (November 1982): 61-69. Lazzerini, E.J. "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii and Muslim Modernism in Russia, Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 23 1876- 1914." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1973. Lederer G. "Islam in Lithuania," Central Asian Survey 14(3):425-448, 1995. This article both describes the movement of Tatars to medieval Lithuania and discusses the activities and perceptions of Tatars within the boundaries of the modern state of Lithuania. Rorlich, A. "Acculturation in Tatarstan: The case of the Sabantui Festival" SR 2 (1982):316-22. Rorlich, A. "One or More Tatar Nations?" IN: Muslim Communities Reemerge, edited by E. Allworth. Durham, 1994. (pp. 61-79). Rorlich, A. The Volga Tatars. A Profile in National Resilience. Stanford. 1986. One of the best sources in English on Volga Tatars. It covers the early history, how the Tatars settled in the Bulghar State, the Volga Tatars in the Russian Empire, and the Soviet State. Sheehy, A. Crimean Tatars and Volga Germans. London, 1971. Spuler, B. The Muslim World. The Mongol Period. Leiden, 1960. Spuler, B. History of the Mongols based on Eastern and Western Accounts of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972. Wilson, A. The Crimean Tatars. A Situation Report on the Crimean Tatars for International Alert. Cambridge, 1994. Zenkovsky, S. Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia. Cambridge, MA, 1960. An excellent account of the Pan-Turkist movement in the early 20th century and the formation of Soviet republics with Turkic populations. Useful bibliography. 12.1.2. Sources in Russian [14], (Cyrillic Alphabet): Ahmarov, G.N. O yazike i narodnosti misharei [The Nationality and Language of Mischars]. Kazan, 1907. Ahmarov, G.N. Teptyari i ih proishoshdenie [Tatars and Their Origins]. Kazan, 1907. Aminov, D.A. Tatarii v ST. Peterburge [Tatars in St. Peterburg]. St. Petersburgh, 1994. Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 24 The Tatar community of St. Petersburg, which dates back to the 18th century. Also includes many old photos and interesting stories about Tatars of St. Petersburgh. Bashirov, Z. Tatarstan Pamyatniki Priodyi [Illustrated book of the countryside of Tatarstan]. Kazan, 1994. (In Tatar/Russian) Devletshin, T. Sovjetskii Tatarstan [Soviet Tatarstan]. London, 1974. Fuks, K. Kazanskie tatari b statisticeskom i etnograficeskom otnoshenii [Tatars of Kazan; Statistics and Ethnography]. Kazan, 1844. Ishaki, G. Idel-Ural [Idil-Ural region in Tatarstan]. Kazan, 1993. A historical and geographical account of how and why Tatars settled in this beautiful land. Ishhakov, D.M. Tatarii-Popularnii ocerk etniceskoi istorii i demografii [Tatars-Popular Essays on Ethnic History and Demography]. Kazan, 1993. Extensive statistics on various Tatar groups living in Russia since the 18th century and earlier. Covers Tatars from different regions, cities, and towns in Russia. Nikinova, S. Kazan na stapinnyikh otkryitkakh [Kazan on old postcards]. Kazan, 1994. (In Tatar/Russian/English) Tomilov, N.A. Sovremennie etnicheskie processi sredi sibirshkih tatar [The case of contemporary ethnic Tatars in Siberia]. Tomsk, 1978. Valeev, F.H. Ornament Kazanskih Tatar [Ornaments of Kazan Tatars]. Kazan, 1969. Valeev, F.H. Drevnee i srednevekovoe iskusttvo Srednevo Povolshya [Ancient and the medieval art in the Middle Volga Region]. Yoshkar-Ola, 1975. Valeeva, C.F. Monumentalho-dekorativhoe iskustva Sovetskoi Tatarii- [Monumental and decorative arts of Soviet Tatarstan]. Kazan, 1984. The various designs Tatars traditionally used in decorating their houses, clothes, boots, jewelry, and other household items. Includes many color pictures. Vorobev, N.I. Kazanskie Tatari [Kazan Tatars]. Kazan, 1953. Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 25 12.1.3. Sources in Tatar [9]: Ahmerov, A. Kazan Tarihi [Kazan History, in Arabic script]. Kazan, 1909. Gainullin, M. Tatar edipleri [Tatar writers]. Kazan, 1978. Gubaidullin, G. Burungu Bulgharlar [Ancient Bulghars, in Arabic script]. Kazan, 1927. Gubaidullin, G. Tatarlarning kilep chiguvi hem Altin Urda [The origin of Tatars and the Golden Horde, Arabic script]. Kazan, 1924. Gubaidullin, G. Tatar Tarihi [Tatar History, in Arabic script]. Kazan, 1923. Khalikov, A. Tatar khlkining kilep chigishi [The origin of the Tatar people]. Kazan, 1974. Sattarov, G. Isymyng matur, kymner kuigan? [Your name is beatiful, who gave it to You?] Kazan, 1989. Have you ever wondered what your name means? You can find plenty of examples of female and male names, typical Tatar names given in Tatarstan as well as some advice for parents on how to a name a baby. Zabirov, Sh. Tatar cislology 1995 [Tatar Calendar 1995]. Hushahmet F. Kazan, 1994 The first Tatar Calendar, based on Islam. Also includes poems, anectodes, and quotations about Tatar customs and culture. Zakiev, M.Z. Tatar khalik teleneng barlikka kilue [The emergence of the Tatar vernacular]. Kazan, 1977. 12.1.4. Sources in Turkish [12]: Abdulhamit- Turksuz Kirim: Yuzbinlerin Surgunu [Crimea without the Turks. oglu, N. Deportation of the hundreds of thousands]. Istanbul, 1974. Battal, A. Tatar Tarihi. Kazan Turkleri. Tarihi ve siyasi gorusler [Tatar History. The Kazan Turks. Historical and political aspects, in Arabic script]. Istanbul, 1925. Devlet, N. Ismail Bey Gaspirali (1851-1914). Ankara, 1988. Gokalp, Z. Turkculugun Esaslari [first published in 1923]. Istanbul, 1970. English translation by Robert Devereux, The Principles of Turkism. Leiden, 1968. Gozaydin, E.F. Kirim. Kirim Turklerinin Yerlesme ve Gocmeleri [Crimea. Migration and Settlement of Crimean Turks]. Istanbul, 1938. Ilkul, A.K. Turkistan ve Cin Yollarinda Unutulmayan Hatiralar Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 26 [Unforgetable Memoirs of China and Turkestan]. Istanbul, 1955. Kirimer, C.S. Gaspirali Ismail Bey. Dilde, Fikirde, Iste Birlik. Istanbul, 1934. Biography of Ismail Gaspirali, based on his writings published in Terjuman (Tercuman) and other sources. Kirimer, C.S. Bazi Hatiralar [Memoires of Cafer Seydahmet Kirimer]. Istanbul, 1993. Kirimli, H. & Kirim Bibliyografyasi; Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Donemi, 1923-1986. Aktas, U. [Bibliography on Crimea; Turkish Republic Period]. Ankara, 1987? Kurat, A. Kazan Hanligini Kuran Ulug Muhammed Han Yarligi [The command of Ulu Muhammed, founder of the Kazan Khanate]. Istanbul, 1937. Ulkusal, M. Dobruca ve Turkler. Istanbul, 1987. Written by a Tatar emigre leader, the work deals with Turks and Tatars living in Romania. Ulkusal, M. Kirim Turk-Tatarlari. Dunu, Bugunu, Yarini [Turkish-Tatars of Crimea. Past, Present, and Future]. Istanbul, 1980. 12.1.5. Sources in French [6]: Bahadir Han Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares. St. Leonards, 1970. Bennigsen, A. Les musulmans oublie's. L'Islam en Union Sovietique. Paris, 1981. Bennigsen, A. Les movements nationaux chez les musulmans de Russie. Le "Sultanglievisme" au Tatarstan. Paris, 1960. Dirks, S. La famille musulmane Turque. Paris, 1969. Halasi-Kun, T. Monuments de la langue tatare de Kazan. Bibliteca Orientalis Hungarica, 1942. Ishaki, A. Idel-Oural. Paris, 1933. 12.1.6. Sources in German [2]: Kappeler A. Russlands Erste Nationaliteten: Das Zarenreich die Volker der Mittleren Wolga vom 16 bis 19 Jahrhundert. Vienna, 1982. Kirimal, E. Der nationale Kampf der Krimturken. Emsdetten, 1952. Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 27 12.1.7. Sources in Finnish [1]: Leitzinger A. Mishaarit - Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteiso, Helsinki 1996. The Book is written in English including an English Summary on 8 pages. The total amount of pages is 278. An introduction to Mishar history. The way Mishar Tatars settled down in Finland and how they succeeded to build up a Misher Tatar Community in Finland. 12.2. PART II. DICTIONARIES AND LANGUAGE BOOKS [8] Tatar teleneng anglatmali syzlege [Unabridged dictionary of the Tatar Language, in Cyrillic Alphabet]. 3 Vols. Kazan, 1977-1981. A basic Tatar dictionary, with many examples drawn from everyday situations to illustrate the uses of words. Ercilasun, Karsilastirmali Turk Lehceleri Sozlugu; Turkiye, Azerbaycan, A.B., etal. Baskurt, Kazak, Kirgiz, Ozbek, Tatar, Turkmen, Ugur Turkceleri ve Rusca [Comparative Dictionary of the Turkic Languages]. 2 volumes. Ankara, 1992. Compiled by Prof. Ercilasun and eight other linguists, this reference works includes 7,000 words in Turkish, and the corresponding terms in Turkic languages and Russian. Volume 2 is the the cross index. Ganiev F.A. Tatarcha-Ruscha Suzlek [Tatar-Russian Dictionary (25,000 words)]. Kazan, 1995. Rashitov, A. Koyashli il-vakhet ile [Sunny Land-Land of Happiness]. Kazan, 1981. If you want to learn the Tatar Language (and if you speak Russian), this book will help you. Many common phrases from everyday situations, basic grammar for beginners. Safiullina F.& Tatar tele, razgavornik hemde grammatik [Russian-tatar phrase Yusupova A. book and grammar]. Kazan, 1991. An easy and fun way to learn the Tatar grammar and phrases. With illustrations and jokes, written entirely in Tatar. Safiullina F.& Russca-tatarca razgavornik. [Russian-tatar phrase book and Galiullina grammar]. Kazan, 1986. Shakhmayev, S. Tatar: Tatar-English/English-Tatar Dictionary. New York, 1994. Zakiev, M.Z. Tatarskii yazik/Tjorskie yazik [Tatar/Turkish Language]. 1966. For additions and comments, please contact: Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 28 Rafek Hakim, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: